ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To examine the evidence for intermittent fasting (IF), an alternative to calorie-restricted diets, in treating obesity, an important health concern in Canada with few effective office-based treatment strategies. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE and EMBASE search from January 1, 2000, to July 1, 2019, yielded 1200 results using the key words fasting, time restricted feeding, meal skipping, alternate day fasting, intermittent fasting, and reduced meal frequency. STUDY SELECTION: Forty-one articles describing 27 trials addressed weight loss in overweight and obese patients: 18 small randomized controlled trials (level I evidence) and 9 trials comparing weight after IF to baseline weight with no control group (level II evidence). Studies were often of short duration (2 to 26 weeks) with low enrolment (10 to 244 participants); 2 were of 1-year duration. Protocols varied, with only 5 studies including patients with type 2 diabetes. SYNTHESIS: All 27 IF trials found weight loss of 0.8% to 13.0% of baseline weight with no serious adverse events. Twelve studies comparing IF to calorie restriction found equivalent results. The 5 studies that included patients with type 2 diabetes documented improved glycemic control. CONCLUSION: Intermittent fasting shows promise for the treatment of obesity. To date, the studies have been small and of short duration. Longer-term research is needed to understand the sustainable role IF can play in weight loss.
Subject(s)
Fasting , Obesity/therapy , Weight Loss , Body Mass Index , Female , Humans , Male , Primary Health Care/methodsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To summarize information on the effects of opioid use in pregnancy on subsequent pediatric development and behaviour. DATA SOURCES: Searches were performed in EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO for peer-reviewed, English articles, including a manual search of their references, that were published between January 1, 2000, and May 1, 2018. STUDY SELECTION: Of the 543 articles reviewed, 19 relevant articles that focused on developmental effects of opioid exposure in utero were identified. Most of the studies provided level II evidence. One level I meta-analysis and 1 level III expert committee report were included. SYNTHESIS: The literature was divided between documenting some level of impairment or normalization of early development deficits over time. Often no opioid effect was found once researchers controlled for socioenvironmental factors. The degree to which environmental factors, opioid exposure, or both affect pediatric development remains to be determined. CONCLUSION: The effect of maternal opioid use on pediatric development is unclear and the evidence is inconsistent. However, opioid exposure in pregnancy does define these children as a population at risk. They might experience developmental delays compared with their peers, yet remain within population norms in cognition, fine-motor skills, hand-eye coordination, executive function, and attention and impulsivity levels.
