ABSTRACT
Aim: To describe the negative experiences, coping strategies for stressful situations, and factors associated with COVID-19 worry among undergraduate students at Makerere University during the second COVID-19 lockdown in Uganda. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study at Makerere University. Negative experiences and coping strategies were measured using a semi-structured questionnaire formulated based on literature and findings from previous studies on mental health and COVID-19. Descriptive statistics and measures of association were done using Stata 13. Results: A total of 301 participants were enrolled. Their median age were 23 years. The majority were male (192, 64.0 %), single (269, 89.7 %,) and on normal academic progress (241, 80.3 %). 48.0 % of the participants were worried about COVID-19. Disruption of students' academics (277, 92.0 %) and financial problems (184, 61.1 %) were the most reported negative experiences. Coping strategies included listening to music (203, 67.4 %), talking to family and friends (191, 63.5 %,) and watching movies (174, 57.8 %). Female students than males (aOR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.0-45.0, p= 0.118) and students without paid employment than those with paid work (aOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.0-5.0, p=0.109) were more worried about COVID-19. Conclusion: Nearly half of the students were worried about COVID-19, which disrupted their social and academic lives. The students utilized a myriad of coping strategies.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological , COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Stress, Psychological , Students , Humans , COVID-19/psychology , COVID-19/epidemiology , Male , Female , Uganda/epidemiology , Students/psychology , Students/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , Universities , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Stress, Psychological/epidemiology , Young Adult , Adult , Surveys and Questionnaires , Anxiety/psychology , Anxiety/epidemiology , Adolescent , Coping SkillsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a life threatening disease and leading cause of opportunistic fungal-related mortality in HIV/AIDS. Most CM infections are caused by C. neoformans species complexes but the prevalence of Cryptococcus gattii species complexes in Uganda is unknown however, it is known in a few other parts of Africa. We estimated the prevalence of C. gattii in patients living with HIV and a diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda. METHODS: Cryptococcus isolates (n = 200) obtained from cerebrospinal fluid of patients with CM recruited at the Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, were tested by phenotypic methods. The Cryptococcus isolates were sub-cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar plates for 48 hours. The yeast colonies were examined by India ink stain, urea hydrolysis, and C. gattii was identified by blue pigmentation on CGB agar. The results were analyzed for frequency of C. gattii. Patient demographic characteristics were collected from the case record forms. RESULTS: From the 200 patients' case record forms, 87 (43.5%) were female and 113 (56.5%) were male. The median age was 35 (19-64) years. Most patients, 93% (187/200) were from Central Uganda in the districts of Kampala and Wakiso. 97.51% (157/161) of the patients had absolute CD4 lymphocyte counts of less than 200 cells per cubic millimeter; 1.86% (3/161) 200-350 cells per cubic millimeter and 0.62% (1/161) above 500 cells per cubic millimeter. 45.4% (74/163) were not yet on HAART and 54.6% (89/163) were on HAART. 66.7% (58/87) had poor adherence to HAART treatment and 33.3% (29/87) had reported good adherence to HAART treatment. A total of 200 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus isolates were tested. No (0% (0/200) C. gattii was identified among the Cryptococcus isolates. CONCLUSION: In this study among patients living with HIV and a diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda, we found no C. gattii infections.
