ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The neuroprotective effects of hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke are well documented. However, the mechanisms involved in the effects remain to be clearly elucidated and the role of hypothermia on long-term white matter integrity after acute ischemic stroke has yet to be investigated. AIMS: To investigate the role of mild focal hypothermia on long-term white matter (WM) integrity after transient cerebral ischemia. RESULTS: Mild focal hypothermia treatment immediately after ischemic stroke significantly promotes WM integrity 28 days after the occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) in mice. Higher integrity of white matter, lower activation of total microglia, less infarct volume, and better neurobehavioral function were detected in hypothermia-treated mice compared to normothermia-treated mice. Furthermore, we found that hypothermia could decrease detrimental M1 phenotype microglia and promote healthy M2 phenotype microglia. In vitro, results also indicated that hypothermia promoted oligodendrocytes differentiation and maturation after oxygen glucose deprivation. CONCLUSION: Hypothermia promotes long-term WM integrity and inhibits neuroinflammation in a mouse model of ischemic brain injury.
Subject(s)
Brain/physiology , Hypothermia, Induced/methods , Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/complications , Leukoencephalopathies/etiology , Leukoencephalopathies/therapy , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Antigens/genetics , Antigens/metabolism , Antigens, CD/metabolism , Brain Infarction/etiology , Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Cell Hypoxia/physiology , Cells, Cultured , Cerebrum/cytology , Disease Models, Animal , Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , Glucose/deficiency , Male , Maze Learning , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Microfilament Proteins/metabolism , Myelin Basic Protein/genetics , Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism , Neurofilament Proteins/genetics , Neurofilament Proteins/metabolism , Oligodendroglia/metabolism , Proteoglycans/genetics , Proteoglycans/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rotarod Performance Test , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Adsorption of roselle anthocynins, a natural pigment, onto various macroporous resins was optimized to develop a simple and efficient process for industrial separation and purification of roselle anthocyanins. Nine different macroporous resins (AB-8, X-5, HPD-100, SP-207, XAD-4, LS-305A, DM-21, LS-610B, and LS-305) were evaluated for the adsorption properties of the anthocyanins extracted from the calyx extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. The influences of phase contact time, solution pH, initial anthocyanin concentration, and ethanol concentration with different citric acid amounts were studied by the static adsorption/desorption method. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm, and according to this model, LS-610B and LS-305 exhibited the highest monolayer sorption capacities of 31.95 and 38.16 mg/g, respectively. The kinetic data were modeled using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion equations. The experimental data were well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Continuous column adsorption-regeneration cycles indicated negligible capacity loss of LS-305 during operation. The overall yield of pigment product was 49.6 mg/g dried calyces. The content of roselle anthocynins in the pigment product was 4.85%.
