Characterizing the Role of TaWRKY13 in Salt Tolerance.

The WRKY transcription factor superfamily is known to participate in plant growth and stress response. However, the role of this family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is largely unknown. Here, a salt-induced gene TaWRKY13 was identified in an RNA-Seq data set from salt-treated wheat. The results of RT-qPCR analysis showed that TaWRKY13 was significantly induced in NaCl-treated wheat and reached an expression level of about 22-fold of the untreated wheat. Then, a further functional identification was performed in both Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa L. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that TaWRKY13 is a nuclear-localized protein. Moreover, various stress-related regulatory elements were predicted in the promoter. Expression pattern analysis revealed that TaWRKY13 can also be induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG), exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), and cold stress. After NaCl treatment, overexpressed Arabidopsis lines of TaWRKY13 have a longer root and a larger root surface area than the control (Columbia-0). Furthermore, TaWRKY13 overexpression rice lines exhibited salt tolerance compared with the control, as evidenced by increased proline (Pro) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) contents under salt treatment. The roots of overexpression lines were also more developed. These results demonstrate that TaWRKY13 plays a positive role in salt stress.

[Rapid determination of total phosphorus by ultrasonic assisted sample digestion-spectrum analysis].

Aiming at the technological shortage of national standard method for the determination of total phosphorus, a rapid determination method of total phosphorus based on ultrasonic assisted sample digestion-spectrum analysis was put forward, and the on-line analysis experiment system was designed. Relying on the experiment system, the experimental method and technology was studied. In view of the actual environmental water samples, contrast test experiment with the national standard method for determination method of total phosphorus was carried on. The experimental results showed that the digestion rate of ultrasonic assisted sample digestion using fenton reagents could reach 97%-100% in 13.5 minutes, and the determination method could complete one copy of sample analysis within 16 minutes. This determination method can solve national standard method's technical problems. All of this research work provides the important experimental basis and technical support for the development of the rapid on-line monitoring instrument for determination of total phosphorus.

[Research on signal processing for water quality monitoring based on continuous spectral analysis].

Based on continuous spectrum analysis, the mathematical model for spectrum signal was established. And the spectrum signal's systematic error processing method based on the invariance of the ratio of the light intensities at any two wavelengths in the range of continuous spectrum was put forward. Combined with wavelet multi-resolution filtering noise processing techniques, the background interference processing method was established based on the spectral characteristics of the measured water quality parameter. These signal processing methods were applied to our independently developed multi-parameter water quality monitoring instrument to on-line measure COD (chemical oxygen demand), six valence chromium and anionic surfactant in the normative and actual environmental water samples, and the monitoring instrument had good repeatability (10%) and high accuracy (±10%) to meet the technical requirements of national environmental protection standards, which was verified by the contrast experiment with China national standard analysis method for determination of the three water quality parameter. The results showed that the researched signal processing methods were able to effectively reduce the spectrum signal's systematic error and the interference from noise and background, which was very important to improve the water quality monitoring instrument's technical function.

[Miniature near-infrared fibre optic spectrometer for the quantitative detection of protein and fat in milk powder].

The method based on miniature near-infrared spectrometer combined with Y fiber optic probe to detect the protein and fat in milk powder by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the wavelength range of 900-1 700 nm was proposed. By selecting the appropriate spectral bands, the correction models of protein and fat were established with partial least squares algorithm using Unscrambler 9.7 Chemometrics software. The determination coefficients R2 of the correction modes are 0.987 and 0.986 for protein and fat respectively, and the root mean square errors RMSEC are 0.385 and 0.419 respectively. Using these correction models to predict the protein and fat contents with 30 sets of forecast sample data, the prediction standard deviation is SEP(Protein) = 0.751 for protein, and is SEP(Fat) = 1.109 for fat. The results indicate that these correction models have prediction capability with unknown samples and meet the on line requirements.

[Application of relevance vector machines in nitrate detection of wastewater].

On account of the high dimension and band overlapping features of the ultraviolet spectrum of complex wastewater, the relevance vector machine (RVM) algorithm combined with contiguous ultraviolet spectrum technology was applied in nitrate modeling to realize the rapid and accurate prediction of nitrate-nitrogen. At first the algorithm principle of RVM was introduced, and then based on the ultraviolet spectra of collected pharmacy effluent samples, ultraviolet absorption data between 230 and 245 nm were selected for modeling. Multivariate linear regression, partial least squares, classical support vector machines (SVM) and RVM methods were applied in nitrate modeling respectively and model performances were compared. Experimental result indicates that RVM method has advantages of higher prediction accuracy, sparser model than other compared methods and faster operation speed than SVM method. The relative full-range error is less than 4.5% F. S. Finally, it can be concluded that the LS-SVM method is effective in rapid and accurate detection of nitrate in practical wastewater with complicated composition.

[Research progress in water quality monitoring technology based on ultraviolet spectrum analysis].

The water quality monitoring technology based on ultraviolet spectrum analysis has the characteristics of small volume, low cost, and no secondary pollution, and it doesn't need any reagent and sample pretreatment. On account of these characteristics, the direct ultra-violet technology has remarkable superiority over traditional technologies when applied in online monitoring of drinking water, surface water and industrial wastewater, and it has become an important development tendency of modern water monitoring technologies. The principle, characteristics, present situation and development trend of modern water quality monitoring technology based on ultra-violet spectrum analysis were introduced, and the key technical problems were further discussed in this paper.

[Detection of sorbic acid in food by homemade micro-spectrometer analytical system].

A homemade micro-spectrometer analytical system was developed for the quantitative determination of the sorbic acid in the food based on the photometric principle. And with the standard addition method it was applied to eliminate the interference coming from the food substrate. The detecting result illustrated a good relativity in the range of 0-10.0 mg x L(-1) with the linear correlation coefficient of 0.9989, and the sample recovery was 99.2%-99.5% with RSD of 0.58%. The micro-spectrometer analysis system has shown potential prospective application in the fields of rapid and high performance detection for food additives.

[The design and experiment of multi-parameter water quality monitoring microsystem based on MOEMS microspectrometer].

Aiming at the monitoring and protecting of water resource environment, a multi-parameter water quality monitoring microsystem based on microspectrometer was put forward in the present paper. The microsystem is mainly composed of MOEMS microspectrometer, flow paths system and embedded measuring & controlling system. It has the functions of self-injecting samples and detection regents, automatic constant temperature, self -stirring, self- cleaning and samples' spectrum detection. The principle prototype machine of the microsystem was developed, and its structure principle was introduced in the paper. Through experiment research, it was proved that the principle prototype machine can rapidly detect quite a few water quality parameters and can meet the demands of on-line water quality monitoring, moreover, the principle prototype machine has strong function expansibility.

[Design of concave grating for ultraviolet-spectrum].

Ultraviolet-spectrum technology is a kind of low signal and multianalysis technology. For taking full advantage of spectral information and reducing the volume of spectrometer, we used high efficiency spectroscopy structure based on concave grating. Based on concave grating theory and optic design software ZEMAX, a flat field concave grating for ultraviolet spectrophotometer was designed from primary structure, which relied on global optimization of the software. The contradiction between wide spectrum bound and limited spectrum extension was resolved, aberrations were reduced successfully, spectrum information was utilized fully, and the optic structure of spectrometer was highly efficient. For better preference of this spectrophotometer, after get the structure parameter, combine grating fabrication condition with practice working condition, grating diffractive theory, holographic optics theory and software PCG rate was used for diffraction efficiency design and improve. A paradigm of flat field concave grating is given, it works between 190 nm to 410 nm, the diameter of the concave grating is 20 mm, and F/# is 0.21. The design result was analyzed and evaluated. It was showed that if the slit source, whose width is 50 microm, is used to reconstruction, the theoretic resolution capacity is better than 3 nm.

[Simultaneous detection of phenol and anionic surfactant in water based on continuous spectrum].

Phenol and anionic surfactant are important indices for water-quality. Based on improvement and optimization of standard methods (spectrophotometry) for the two indices, we integrated the respective two color-extractants into a composited reagent. Using a self-developed microspectrometer with a design of splitting behind and collection of continuous spectrum signal (340-770 nm) in real time, a compound detection system was constructed. This system could simultaneously detect phenol and anionic surfactant in water without chemical and spectral interferences, leading to great decreases in reagent amount and detection time. The detection limits for phenol and anionic surfactant are 0. 003 and 0.016 mg x L(-1), respectively. This method was applied to water-quality monitoring of real samples in comparison with standard methods, and the results indicated that its reproducibility (relative standard deviation, n=5) and accuracy (relative error to results by standard methods) were less than 5%, contenting with the related standard.

[Design and experiment of micro biochemical detector based on micro spectrometer].

According to the requirements of rapid detection of important life parameters for the sick and wounded, a new micro bio-chemical detection configuration was proposed utilizing continuous spectroscopy analysis, which was founded on MOEMS and embedded technology. The configuration was developed as so much research work was carried out on the detecting objects and methods. Important parameters such as stray light, absorbance linearity, absorbance ratability, stability and temperature accuracy of the instrument were tested, which are all in good agreement with the design requirements. Clinic tests show that it can detect multiple life parameters quickly (Na+, GLU, Hb eg.).

The vacuolar Na+-H+ antiport gene TaNHX2 confers salt tolerance on transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa).

TaNHX2, a vacuolar Na+-H+ antiport gene from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), was transformed into alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to evaluate the role of vacuolar energy providers in plant salt stress responses. PCR and Southern blotting analysis showed that the target gene was integrated into the Medicago genome. Reverse transcription-PCR indicated that gene TaNHX2 was expressed at the transcriptional level. The relative electrical conductivity in the T2 transgenic plants was lower and the osmotic potential was higher compared to the wild-type plants under salt stress conditions. The tonoplast H+-ATPase, H+-pyrophosphatase (PPase) hydrolysis activities and ATP-dependent proton pump activities in transgenic plants were all higher than those of wild-type plants, and the enzyme activities could be induced by salt stress. The PPi-dependent proton pump activities decreased when NaCl concentrations increased from 100mM to 200mM, especially in transgenic plants. The vacuolar Na+-H+ antiport activities of transgenic plants were 2-3 times higher than those of the wild -type plants under 0mM and 100mM NaCl stress. Na+-H+ antiport activity was not detectable for wild-type plants under 200mM NaCl, but for transgenic plants, it was further increased with an increment in salt stress intensity. These results demonstrated that expression of the foreign TaNHX2 gene enhanced salt tolerance in transgenic alfalfa.

[Research advances in water quality monitoring technology based on UV-Vis spectrum analysis].

The application of spectral analysis to water quality monitoring is an important developing trend in the field of modern environment monitoring technology. The principle and characteristic of water quality monitoring technology based on UV-Vis spectrum analysis are briefly reviewed. And the research status and advances are introduced from two aspects, on-line monitoring and in-situ monitoring. Moreover, the existent key technical problems are put forward. Finally, the technology trends of multi-parameter water quality monitoring microsystem and microsystem networks based on microspectrometer are prospected, which has certain reference value for the research and development of environmental monitoring technology and modern scientific instrument in the authors' country.

[The optimizing design and experiment for a MOEMS micro-mirror spectrometer].

A MOEMS micro-mirror spectrometer, which uses micro-mirror as a light switch so that spectrum can be detected by a single detector, has the advantages of transforming DC into AC, applying Hadamard transform optics without additional template, high pixel resolution and low cost. In this spectrometer, the vital problem is the conflict between the scales of slit and the light intensity. Hence, in order to improve the resolution of this spectrometer, the present paper gives the analysis of the new effects caused by micro structure, and optimal values of the key factors. Firstly, the effects of diffraction limitation, spatial sample rate and curved slit image on the resolution of the spectrum were proposed. Then, the results were simulated; the key values were tested on the micro mirror spectrometer. Finally, taking all these three effects into account, this micro system was optimized. With a scale of 70 mm x 130 mm, decreasing the height of the image at the plane of micro mirror can not diminish the influence of curved slit image in the spectrum; under the demand of spatial sample rate, the resolution must be twice over the pixel resolution; only if the width of the slit is 1.818 microm and the pixel resolution is 2.2786 microm can the spectrometer have the best performance.

[Near infrared spectroscopy system structure with MOEMS scanning mirror array].

A method which uses MOEMS mirror array optical structure to reduce the high cost of infrared spectrometer is given in the present paper. This method resolved the problem that MOEMS mirror array can not be used in simple infrared spectrometer because the problem of imaging irregularity in infrared spectroscopy and a new structure for spectral imaging was designed. According to the requirements of imaging spot, this method used optical design software ZEMAX and standard-specific aberrations of the optimization algorithm, designed and optimized the optical structure. It works from 900 to 1 400 nm. The results of design analysis showed that with the light source slit width of 50 microm, the spectrophotometric system is superior to the theoretical resolution of 6 nm, and the size of the available spot is 0.042 mm x 0.08 mm. Verification examples show that the design meets the requirements of the imaging regularity, and can be used for MOEMS mirror reflectance scan. And it was also verified that the use of a new MOEMS mirror array spectrometer model is feasible. Finally, analyze the relationship between the location of the detector and the maximum deflection angle of micro-mirror was analyzed.

An intelligent electronic capsule system for automated detection of gastrointestinal bleeding.

In clinical practice, examination of the hemorrhagic spot (HS) remains difficult. In this paper, we describe a remote controlled capsule (RCC) micro-system with an automated, color-based sensor to identify and localize the HS of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In vitro testing of the detecting sensor demonstrated that it was capable of discriminating mimetic intestinal fluid (MIF) with and without the hemoglobin (Hb) when the concentration of Hb in MIF was above 0.05 g/ml. Therefore, this RCC system is able to detect the relatively accurate location of the HS in the GI tract.

[Development and application of quantum cascade laser based gas sensing system].

Quantum cascade laser (QCL) is an ideal mid-infrared source for gas sensing in the wavelength range from 2.5 to 25 microm, due to its fast response, high sensitivity and selectivity for gas detecting. Prototypes of gas sensing system based on QCL have been developed by worldwide research groups. They have great potential in many applications, such as environment monitoring, space exploration, anti-terrorism and so on. The present paper gives a broad review of QCL gas sensing system, including the basic working principle, existing systems, and its application and future development.

[A new wavelength selection algorithm based on the fusion of multiple models].

NIR spectroscopy makes a feature of a large number of wavelengths with a much smaller set of samples. However, some of the wavelengths contribute no information to the modeling. Even worse, they may contain the irrelevant information such as noise and background, which may result in a complex model and/or bad predictive ability of the model. So, it's important to do research in-depth to eliminate these wavelengths and improve the quality of the final model. The present paper firstly summarizes the variable selection methods based on a single PLS regression model and concludes that (1) the cross-validation can be used to select optimal model with good predictive ability, but the resulting model may be not suitable for selecting variables; (2) selecting variables based on a single regression model is inaccurate and instable because a single vector of regression coefficients may not measure the importance of the variables correctly and may vary with models of different complexity. On basis of this analysis, this paper proposed a new method for variable selection based on the fusion of multiple PLS models. This method fuses the multiple PLS regression coefficients to form a vector, then a threshold is determined to eliminate the variables whose corresponding element in the vector is lower than this threshold. Finally, this method is verified by 3 well-known NIR datasets and compared with the UVE-PLS and GA-PLS algorithms. The experiments show that this method may result in a model with less complexity and/or better predictive ability. Moreover, the proposed method is elegant and efficient and therefore can be put in practical use.

[A new algorithm for NIR modeling based on manifold learning].

Manifold learning is a new kind of algorithm originating from the field of machine learning to find the intrinsic dimensionality of numerous and complex data and to extract most important information from the raw data to develop a regression or classification model. The basic assumption of the manifold learning is that the high-dimensional data measured from the same object using some devices must reside on a manifold with much lower dimensions determined by a few properties of the object. While NIR spectra are characterized by their high dimensions and complicated band assignment, the authors may assume that the NIR spectra of the same kind of substances with different chemical concentrations should reside on a manifold with much lower dimensions determined by the concentrations, according to the above assumption. As one of the best known algorithms of manifold learning, locally linear embedding (LLE) further assumes that the underlying manifold is locally linear. So, every data point in the manifold should be a linear combination of its neighbors. Based on the above assumptions, the present paper proposes a new algorithm named least square locally weighted regression (LS-LWR), which is a kind of LWR with weights determined by the least squares instead of a predefined function. Then, the NIR spectra of glucose solutions with various concentrations are measured using a NIR spectrometer and LS-LWR is verified by predicting the concentrations of glucose solutions quantitatively. Compared with the existing algorithms such as principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR), the LS-LWR has better predictability measured by the standard error of prediction (SEP) and generates an elegant model with good stability and efficiency.

[Research on the near-infrared spectrometer system].

Near-infrared spectrometer is the integration of spectrum test technology, stoichiometry technology and computer technology. In the present paper, based on effective food ingredients and non-invasive quantitative detection, the development process of the micro-near-infrared spectrometer system was introduced. Spectrometer is the basis of the system. This paper focuses on the development of the micro-near-infrared spectrometer applicable to on-line real-time testing. A micro-near-infrared spectrometer prototype was developed successfully, its main technical parameter was tested, and the result shows: its operating wavelength is: 850-1 690 nm, optical resolution is: less than 10 nm, and its performance has achieved the level of the congener foreign products. Stoichiometric technology and computer technology is the core of the system. LS-LWR modeling methods were proposed. Finally, the quantitative test for glucose water solution using the micro-near-infrared spectrometer shows that the correlation coefficient of prediction model is 0.995, and the corresponding RMSEP is 0.06.