[Investigation on the prevalence of high risk human papillomavirus and cervical cancer among adult women, in Shenzhen].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genital infection and cervical cancer in adult women from Shenzhen. METHODS: Cluster sampling was used to investigate the prevalence of HPV infection and cervical cancer from women aged 20 - 59 years old living in Luohu, Futian, Nanshan, Longgang and Baoan districts in Shenzhen from April 2006 to April 2010. All women were detected for liquid-based cytology test (LCT) or Thinprep cytologic test (TCT) and high-risk HPV-DNA test with hybrid capture II (HC-II). All women with ≥ ASC-US by cytology and/or a positive HC-II test were asked to return for colposcopy and four-quadrant biopsy. Endocervical curettage was performed. Pathological finding were used as the gold standard of the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. RESULTS: 10 210 women were involved in the study and 10 017 of them having completed data. The overall positive rate of high-risk HPV-DNA was 16.29%. HPV positive rates in 20-, 30-, 35-, 40-, 45-, 50-59 age groups were 17.37%, 15.59%, 16.33%, 14.74%, 17.16% and 17.98%, respectively. The curve of HPV infection rates in different age groups appeared a 'W' shape. HPV infection rates in the 25-years-olds and 50-59 year-olds groups were significantly higher than the other age groups (χ(2) = 4.50, P = 0.03). The overall prevalence rate of cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN) was 7.52%, of which the prevalence rates of low-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN I) was 5.32% high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN II/III) was 2.21%, cervical cancer was 0.12%. The prevalence of CIN I was significantly higher than the CIN II/III (χ(2) = 134.15, P < 0.001). The prevalence of cervical cancer in 45-age group was 0.12%, the highest. HPV infection rates increased with the grades of cervical lesions including women without CIN as 44.31%, in CINI as 70.73%, in CINII as 86.73%, and in CIN III as 96.75% and in cancer as 100.00%. The HPV infection rates were different in districts (χ(2) = 17.81, P = 0.03), with Futian and Luohu higher than those of Nanshan, Longgang and Baoan district. The prevalence rate of CIN in Baoan was lower than other districts. The CIN prevalence rates were not significantly different among the other districts of Shenzhen (χ(2) = 4.84, P = 0.18). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of cervical cancer was low in adult women living in Shenzhen, with cervical lesions still in the early stage. Prevention of HPV infection and treatment of CIN were the key points for the prevention of cervical cancer.

[Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus and incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in female populations in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in female populations in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. METHODS: Totally 1137 women aged 15-59 from Shahe Community, Nanshan District, Shenzhen were investigated for cervical cancer during an population-based epidemiological screening from November 2004 to December 2004. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), colposcopy, liquid-based cytology test (LCT), and hybrid capture 2 (HC-) were performed to detect the high-risk HPV types in cervical secretions. Biopsy under colposcope was performed in women who were HPV-positive with LCT >or= atypical squamous cells of undetermined sign (ASCUS) or HPV-negative with LCT >or= low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), with the pathological results as the golden standards. RESULTS: The detection rate of high-risk HPV-DNA was 14.0%. HPV detection rates in 15-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, and 50-59 age groups were 15.5%, 17.7%, 12.6%, 8.8%, 10.2%, 15.3%, and 21.0%, respectively (P < 0.05). HPV detection rates in 25-29 years group and 50-59 years group were significantly higher than those in other groups (P < 0.05) and 35-39 group had the lowest detection rate. The curve of HPV infection rates in all groups was 'V' type. The overall incidence of CIN was 4.4%. The incidences of CIN , CIN , and CIN were 3.2%, 1.0%, and 0.3%, respectively, in which the incidence of CIN was significantly higher than those of CIN and . HPV detection rates increased with cervical lesion grades, which in >or=CIN groups and normal group were 100.0% and 8.3%, respectively. No cervical cancer was identified in this research. The sensitivities of VIA, colposcopy, LCT, and HC-II for high-risk HPV screening were 35.7%, 50.0%, 92.9%,and 100%, respectively, in detecting high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), the specificities of these four methods were 96.0%, 87.2%, 88.4%, and 86.9%, respectively. Satisfactory negative predictive values were obtained for all methods. CONCLUSIONS: HPV infection is the main risk factor for CIN. Cervical cancer among female populations in Shenzhen is still in early stages. Prevention of HPV infection and treatment of CIN are key for the prevention of cervical cancer.

[Role of cytological test for cervices to identify human papillomavirus in the screening program on serious cervical lesion].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of cervical cytology and hybrid capture II (HC- II) human papillomavarus (HPV) test for screening cervical lesion. METHODS: Conventional papanicolaou (Pap) smear by improved take-samples, liquid-based cytology test (LCT) and HC- II human papillomavarus test were performed in 425 women in Shang Mei-lin community of Futian region in Shenzhen city, from December 2007 to March 2008 and the above methods were performed in 75 women in Shenzhen Hospital of Peking University at the same time. Age stratified sampling was used. Samples of Pap were taken a broom-type sampling device (take-samples used for LCT) with split-sampling method. Those women with HPV-positive, Pap> or =atypical squamous cells of undetermined sign (ASCUS) or LCT> or =ASCUS received multi-spot biopsy and endocervical curettage under colposcopy. Final diagnosis would depend on pathological findings as well, to evaluate the values of Pap, LCT, HC-II HPV, Pap-HPV parallel test, LCT-HPV parallel test, Pap-HPV serial test and LCT-HPV serial test for the screening program on cervical cancer. RESULTS: (1) In this study, 7 women had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II, another 7 had CIN III, 1 had cervical cancer in the community; 9 had CIN II, 11 had CIN III, 3 had cervical cancer in the hospital, respectively. (2) The sensitivity of HC-II HPV and cytology-HPV parallel test for detecting > or =CIN II was >95.0% while negative pre-value were nearly 100.0%. (3) There were no significant differences of screening effectiveness and unsatisfactory rates between Pap of improved take-samples and LCT. (4) The cost-effectiveness ratio of Pap-HPV parallel test was higher than LCT-HPV parallel test. CONCLUSION: It was suggested that the first choice for screening of cervical serious lesion were HC-II HPV and cytology-HPV parallel test while Pap-HPV parallel test was the best method for screening purposes.

[Myopia and genetics].

The physiological manifestation of myopia is error of refraction. The incidence of myopia in Asian population is increasing much more rapidly compared with several decades ago. Most of the people in the relatively developed Chinese cities are developing or have developed myopia. Recently, researches reported six loci related to myopia. Viewing from the modern civilization and development of China, the sharp increase of the size of the population with myopia and the unbalanced change could not be explained only by gene mutation or any model of Mendelian inheritance. The comparison of the disparity of the economic and educational levels between in urban and rural areas showed that the onset of myopia might be influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Special attention should be paid to myopia now to prevent severe physical problem in the Chinese urban population.