ABSTRACT
Cordyceps sinensis(C.sinensis)is a widely used and highly valuable traditional Chinese medicine.Several dipeptides have been detected in C.sinensis,but current scientific knowledge of its chemical makeup remains limited.In this study,an improved approach that integrates offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography(2D LC)separation,precursor ion list,library screening,and diagnostic ion filtering was established to systematically screen and characterize dipeptides in C.sinensis.Offline 2D LC integrating hydrophilic interaction LC and reverse phase separations was established to eliminate interference and identify the target dipeptides.A library containing the potential 400 dipeptides was created,and a precursor ion list with all theoretical precursor ions was adopted to trigger the MS/MS scan with high sensitivity.To identify dipeptides,the type and connection sequence of amino acids were determined according to the product ions.Ile and Leu residues were differentiated for the first time according to the characteristic ion at m/z 69.07.Ultimately,170 dipeptides were identified or tentatively characterized from C.sinensis,and most are reported for the first time in this species herein.In addition,the identified dipeptides were also applied for discrimination among the three Cordyceps species,and 11 markers were identified.The obtained results provide a deeper understanding of the chemical basis of C.sinensis.
ABSTRACT
This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between the quality ofRheum palmatum L. and ecological factors, in order to provide the basis for nurture and cultivation ofR. palmatumL. The ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was used in the determination of 8 effective components in samples from 3 majorR. palmatumL. producing provinces, which wereGansu,SichuanandQinghai province. The SPSS software was applied to analyze the effective components by the one-way analysis of variance. And the correlation analysis between the content and ecological factors was also conducted. The results showed that the pressure, relative humidity and temperature had close relationship with the content of bioactive compounds inR. palmatumL. The content of effective components inR. palmatumL. was positively related to pressure, relative humidity, and temperature. It was concluded that the quality ofR. palmatumL. in Gansu province was better. And the ecological factors affected the accumulation of effective components. This research provided experimental basis for the quality ofR. palmatumL. in different regions and ecological adaptation. The results demonstrated critical meaning forR. palmatumL. quality improvement, appropriate ecological division, and industrialized development promotion ofR. palmatumL.
ABSTRACT
CO2-philes can be utilized as additives, surfactants, and a potential phase-change physical solvent or absorbent for CO2, so the design and synthesis of CO2-philes typically non-fluorous compounds is important to develop more application areas of CO2. Researchers have recently reported that peracetated D-glucopyranose has high solubility in CO2. In order to study the interaction properties between sugar acetates with CO2, 1,2-di-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranose and 1,2-di-O-acetyl-ß-D-glucopyranose were decided as substrates after initial chemical stimulations with peracetated D-glucopyranose, and the complex model was one CO2 molecule combined with one sugar substrate (1:1). Ab initio calculations of these two systems were accomplished including geometry optimizations with HF/3-21G, B3LYP/6-31+G**, and single point energies calibration with MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ. The results indicated that hydrogen atoms can interact with CO2 by C-H··O hydrogen bond, but the dominant ones are the interactions of oxygen atoms in substrates with a CO2 molecule. It was also found that the binding energies increased when more oxygen atoms of substrate interacted with CO2, but were not affected by their chemical environment. The interaction of sugar substrate with CO2 is distance related, and should be an electrostatic interaction not only Lewis acid-Lewis base and hydrogen bond interactions. Therefore, it can be expected that one CO2-phile could interact with more CO2 molecules if more acetate-like groups or oxygen atoms were introduced into the molecular structure based on all these results, and this can be a guideline for design CO2-philes.
