ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that immune-mediated inflammation of perivascular adipose tissue of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) contributes to disease development and progression. Whether the perivascular adipose tissue of AAA is characterized by a specific adaptive immune signature remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: To investigate this hypothesis, we sequenced the T-cell receptor ß-chain in the perivascular adipose tissue of patients with AAA and compared it with patients with aortic occlusive disease, who share the former anatomical site of the lesion and risk factors but differ in pathogenic mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that patients with AAA have a lower repertoire diversity than those with aortic occlusive disease and significant differences in variable/joining gene segment usage. Furthermore, we identified a set of 7 public T-cell receptor ß-chain clonotypes that distinguished AAA and aortic occlusive disease with very high accuracy. We also found that the T-cell receptor ß-chain repertoire differentially characterizes small and large AAAs (aortic diameter<55 mm and ≥55 mm, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This work supports the hypothesis that T cell-mediated immunity is fundamental in AAA pathogenesis and opens up new clinical perspectives.
Subject(s)
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal , Humans , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/immunology , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/genetics , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology , Male , Aged , Female , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Adipose Tissue/pathology , Adipose Tissue/immunology , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology , Middle Aged , Aorta, Abdominal/pathology , Aorta, Abdominal/immunologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: ADP-induced platelet activation leads to cell surface expression of several proteins, including TF (tissue factor). The role of ADP receptors in platelet TF modulation is still unknown. We aimed to assess the (1) involvement of P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors in ADP-induced TF exposure; (2) modulation of TFpos-platelets in anti-P2Y12-treated patients with coronary artery disease. Based on the obtained results, we revisited the intracellular localization of TF in platelets. METHODS: The effects of P2Y1 or P2Y12 antagonists on ADP-induced TF expression and activity were analyzed in vitro by flow cytometry and thrombin generation assay in blood from healthy subjects, P2Y12-/-, and patients with gray platelet syndrome. Ex vivo, P2Y12 inhibition of TF expression by clopidogrel/prasugrel/ticagrelor, assessed by VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein) platelet reactivity index, was investigated in coronary artery disease (n=238). Inhibition of open canalicular system externalization and electron microscopy (TEM) were used for TF localization. RESULTS: In blood from healthy subjects, stimulated in vitro by ADP, the percentage of TFpos-platelets (17.3±5.5%) was significantly reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by P2Y12 inhibition only (-81.7±9.5% with 100 nM AR-C69931MX). In coronary artery disease, inhibition of P2Y12 is paralleled by reduction of ADP-induced platelet TF expression (VASP platelet reactivity index: 17.9±11%, 20.9±11.3%, 40.3±13%; TFpos-platelets: 10.5±4.8%, 9.8±5.9%, 13.6±6.3%, in prasugrel/ticagrelor/clopidogrel-treated patients, respectively). Despite this, 15% of clopidogrel good responders had a level of TFpos-platelets similar to the poor-responder group. Indeed, a stronger P2Y12 inhibition (130-fold) is required to inhibit TF than VASP. Thus, a VASP platelet reactivity index <20% (as in prasugrel/ticagrelor-treated patients) identifies patients with TFpos-platelets <20% (92% sensitivity). Finally, colchicine impaired in vitro ADP-induced TF expression but not α-granule release, suggesting that TF is open canalicular system stored as confirmed by TEM and platelet analysis of patients with gray platelet syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Data show that TF expression is regulated by P2Y12 and not P2Y1; P2Y12 antagonists downregulate the percentage of TFpos-platelets. In clopidogrel good-responder patients, assessment of TFpos-platelets highlights those with residual platelet reactivity. TF is stored in open canalicular system, and its membrane exposure upon activation is prevented by colchicine.
Subject(s)
Coronary Artery Disease , Gray Platelet Syndrome , Humans , Blood Platelets/metabolism , Clopidogrel/pharmacology , Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism , Gray Platelet Syndrome/metabolism , Platelet Aggregation , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/pharmacology , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/metabolism , Platelet Function Tests/methods , Prasugrel Hydrochloride/metabolism , Prasugrel Hydrochloride/pharmacology , Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology , Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12 , Thromboplastin/metabolism , TicagrelorABSTRACT
Exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) improves tissue perfusion in large animals and humans with chronic myocardial ischemia. Because tissue perfusion is mainly dependent on the arteriolar tree, we hypothesized that the neovascularizing effect of VEGF should include arteriogenesis, an effect not as yet described in large mammalian models of myocardial ischemia. In the present study we investigated the effect of intramyocardial plasmid-mediated human VEGF(165) gene transfer (pVEGF(165)) on the proliferation of vessels with smooth muscle in a pig model of myocardial ischemia. In addition, we assessed the effect of treatment on capillary growth, myocardial perfusion, myocardial function and collateralization. Three weeks after positioning of an Ameroid constrictor (Research Instruments SW, Escondido, CA) in the left circumflex artery, pigs underwent basal perfusion (single-photon emission computed tomography [SPECT] with (99m)Tc-sestamibi) and regional function (echocardiography) studies at rest and under dobutamine stress, and were then randomly assigned to receive transepicardial injection of pVEGF(165) 3.8 mg (n = 8) or placebo (empty plasmid, n = 8). All experimental steps and data analysis were done in a blinded fashion. Five weeks later, pVEGF(165)-treated pigs showed a significantly higher density of small (8-50 microm in diameter) vessels with smooth muscle, higher density of capillaries, and improved myocardial perfusion. These results indicate an arteriogenic effect of VEGF in a large mammalian model of myocardial ischemia and encourage the use of VEGF to promote arteriolar growth in patients with severe coronary artery disease.
Subject(s)
Gene Transfer Techniques , Myocardial Ischemia/therapy , Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/therapeutic use , Animals , Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology , Collateral Circulation/drug effects , Coronary Angiography , Coronary Vessels/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Dobutamine/pharmacology , Echocardiography , Gene Expression , Immunohistochemistry , Myocardial Ischemia/physiopathology , Stress, Physiological/chemically induced , Swine , Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi , Time Factors , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Transgenes , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/administration & dosage , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/geneticsABSTRACT
El factor de crecimiento de endotelio vascular (VEGF), un angiógeno considerado específico de los endoteliocitos, mejora la perfusión miocárdica en animales y en seres humanos con cardiopatía isquémica. Dado que la perfusión tisular depende principalmente de la irrigación arterial y de que los receptores para VEGF se encontraron recientemente en células musculares lisas, la administración de VEGF debería promover también la arteriogénesis. Nuestro objetivo fue el de estudiar el probable efecto arteriogénico de la administración de un nuevo plásmido codificante para VEGF recombinante humano (pCMVrhVEGF165), desarrollado y producido en la Argentina, en cerdos con isquemia miocárdica crónica. Tres semanas después de la colocación de un oclusor Ameroid en la arteria circunfleja, 16 cerdos fueron sometidos a estudios de función miocárdica (ecocardiografía estrés con dobutamina) y distribuídos al azar en un grupo tratado (n = 8) que recibió 10 inyecciones intramiocárdicas de pCMVrhVEGF165 (3,8 mg) y un grupo placebo (n = 8) que recibió el plásmido desprovisto del gen. A las 5 semanas se repitió la ecocardiografía, se realizó una cinecoronariografía y se extrajeron el corazón y los tejidos remotos para su análisis histopatológico. La clave se ocultó hasta el fin del análisis estadístico. El grupo tratado presentó, con respecto al placebo, mayor densidad de longitud (2,4 ñ 0,4 versus 1,3 ñ 0,3 mm/mmü; p< 0,02) y numérica (1 ñ 0,1 versus 0,6 ñ 0,1 mm², p <0,02) de vasos pequeños (<50 µm) provistos de túnica muscular lisa evidenciable mediante inmunohistoquímica. No se halló proliferación vascular indeseada en tejidos remotos. Concluímos que en cerdos crónicamente isquémicos la inyección intramiocárdica directa de pCMVrhVEGF165 es segura e induce arteriogénesis en el miocardio isquémico
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Amino Acids , Endothelium, Vascular , Myocardial Ischemia/therapy , Angiogenesis Inhibitors , Plasmids/administration & dosage , Argentina , Echocardiography , Gene Transfer Techniques , Muscle, Smooth , Myocardial Ischemia , PlacebosABSTRACT
El factor de crecimiento de endotelio vascular (VEGF), un angiógeno considerado específico de los endoteliocitos, mejora la perfusión miocárdica en animales y en seres humanos con cardiopatía isquémica. Dado que la perfusión tisular depende principalmente de la irrigación arterial y de que los receptores para VEGF se encontraron recientemente en células musculares lisas, la administración de VEGF debería promover también la arteriogénesis. Nuestro objetivo fue el de estudiar el probable efecto arteriogénico de la administración de un nuevo plásmido codificante para VEGF recombinante humano (pCMVrhVEGF165), desarrollado y producido en la Argentina, en cerdos con isquemia miocárdica crónica. Tres semanas después de la colocación de un oclusor Ameroid en la arteria circunfleja, 16 cerdos fueron sometidos a estudios de función miocárdica (ecocardiografía estrés con dobutamina) y distribuídos al azar en un grupo tratado (n = 8) que recibió 10 inyecciones intramiocárdicas de pCMVrhVEGF165 (3,8 mg) y un grupo placebo (n = 8) que recibió el plásmido desprovisto del gen. A las 5 semanas se repitió la ecocardiografía, se realizó una cinecoronariografía y se extrajeron el corazón y los tejidos remotos para su análisis histopatológico. La clave se ocultó hasta el fin del análisis estadístico. El grupo tratado presentó, con respecto al placebo, mayor densidad de longitud (2,4 ñ 0,4 versus 1,3 ñ 0,3 mm/mm³; p< 0,02) y numérica (1 ñ 0,1 versus 0,6 ñ 0,1 mm², p <0,02) de vasos pequeños (<50 Am) provistos de túnica muscular lisa evidenciable mediante inmunohistoquímica. No se halló proliferación vascular indeseada en tejidos remotos. Concluímos que en cerdos crónicamente isquémicos la inyección intramiocárdica directa de pCMVrhVEGF165 es segura e induce arteriogénesis en el miocardio isquémico (AU)
