ABSTRACT
Many active magnetic shielding designs have been proposed in order to reduce the radiation exposure received by astronauts on long duration, deep space missions. While these designs are promising, they pose significant engineering challenges. This work presents a survey of the major systems required for such unconfined magnetic field design, allowing the identification of key technologies for future development. Basic mass calculations are developed for each system and are used to determine the resulting galactic cosmic radiation exposure for a generic solenoid design, using a range of magnetic field strength and thickness values, allowing some of the basic characteristics of such a design to be observed. This study focuses on a solenoid shaped, active magnetic shield design; however, many of the principles discussed are applicable regardless of the exact design configuration, particularly the key technologies cited.
Subject(s)
Cosmic Radiation/adverse effects , Magnetics , Radiation Protection/instrumentation , Radiation Protection/methods , Astronauts , Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation , Extraterrestrial Environment , Humans , Radiation Dosage , Space FlightABSTRACT
Examined efficacy of an empirically based intervention using 70 divorced mothers who participated in a 12-session program or a wait-list condition. The program targeted five putative mediators: quality of the mother-child relationship, discipline, negative divorce events, contact with fathers, and support from nonparental adults. Posttest comparisons showed higher quality mother-child relationships and discipline, fewer negative divorce events, and better mental health outcomes for program participants than controls. More positive program effects occurred for mothers' than children's reports of variables and for families with poorest initial levels of functioning. Analyses indicated that improvement in the mother-child relationship partially mediated the effects of the program on mental health.
Subject(s)
Child Custody , Divorce/psychology , Mothers/education , Parenting/psychology , Adaptation, Psychological , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child Behavior Disorders/prevention & control , Child Behavior Disorders/psychology , Father-Child Relations , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mother-Child RelationsABSTRACT
This article reviews the recent empirical literature on the behavioral treatment of obesity in an attempt to delineate those variables that are most closely related to the posttreatment maintenance of weight loss. Such variables were found to fall into three general categories: adherence to treatment and use of behavioral skills, posttreatment vigilance regarding both weight fluctuation and the skills learned in therapy, and intraindividual physical and emotional factors. An attempt is made to develop a rational understanding of these findings, which appear to be consistent with Kanfer's self-regulation model of self-control. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed.
