ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Abnormal eye gaze is a hallmark characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and numerous studies have identified abnormal attention patterns in ASD. The primary aim of the present study was to create an objective, eye tracking-based autism risk index. METHOD: In initial and replication studies, children were recruited after referral for comprehensive multidisciplinary evaluation of ASD and subsequently grouped by clinical consensus diagnosis (ASD n = 25/15, non-ASD n = 20/19 for initial/replication samples). Remote eye tracking was blinded to diagnosis and included multiple stimuli. Dwell times were recorded to each a priori-defined region of interest (ROI) and averaged across ROIs to create an autism risk index. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses examined classification accuracy. Correlations with clinical measures evaluated whether the autism risk index was associated with autism symptom severity independent of language ability. RESULTS: In both samples, the autism risk index had high diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.91 and 0.85, 95% CIs = 0.81-0.98 and 0.71-0.96), was strongly associated with Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2) severity scores (r = 0.58 and 0.59, p < .001), and not significantly correlated with language ability (r ≤| -0.28|, p > .095). CONCLUSION: The autism risk index may be a useful quantitative and objective measure of risk for autism in at-risk settings. Future research in larger samples is needed to cross-validate these findings. If validated and scaled for clinical use, this measure could inform clinical judgment regarding ASD diagnosis and track symptom improvements.
Subject(s)
Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis , Eye Movements/physiology , Remote Sensing Technology/methods , Attention , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Reproducibility of Results , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Social BehaviorABSTRACT
Evaluations of quality improvement efforts targeted at mental health services in primary care pediatrics are rare. We evaluated a short-targeted educational session, a Web-based system, the Child Health and Development Interactive System, and a local area mental health services resource guide. Most physicians believed the information in the educational session was at least somewhat likely to change their practice. However, only 9.2% of the families invited to complete the Web-based system did so. Physicians found access to the Web-based system time consuming and, because the billing code for the screening activity was carved out of most of Ohio's privately-insured contract, physicians received no reimbursement for the screenings. Physicians were unenthusiastic about the local resource guide because the resources were not rated for quality. This quality improvement effort demonstrates that there are not easy solutions to practice change and highlights the need for implementation support when introducing new technology.
