ABSTRACT
Increasing resistance of Eimeria species to anticoccidial medications is an issue in the broiler chicken industry. Using drug-sensitive strains in live-coccidiosis vaccines has been shown to improve anticoccidial effectiveness in US-based broiler production. In Canada, litter is removed between flocks, which differ from the US industry practice. Thus, we investigated the use of drug-sensitive vaccine strains in a Canadian broiler production facility with suspected anticoccidial resistance. Weekly fecal samples were collected from flocks before, during, and after vaccine seeding to determine oocyst shedding patterns; following the vaccine seeding, OPG counts from similar aged birds were lower than flocks before live-coccidiosis vaccine use. Eimeria species isolates, collected before and after vaccine seeding, were used in 2 anticoccidial sensitivity tests to evaluate their susceptibility to commercially available anticoccidial medications; a low-dose challenge to define parasite replication, and a high-dose challenge to monitor broiler performance. In both experiments, isolates collected after seeding were more susceptible to almost every anticoccidial medication evaluated compared with the isolates collected before seeding. These results demonstrate an improvement in sensitivity to many anticoccidials after the use of live-coccidiosis vaccines at this facility. However, the regulated removal of litter at the end of each flock required under Canadian broiler chicken production management rules could limit the establishment of vaccine-strain Eimeria species in broiler facilities and could shorten the longevity of improved drug sensitivity observed in this study.
Subject(s)
Chickens , Coccidiosis/veterinary , Coccidiostats/pharmacology , Eimeria/drug effects , Poultry Diseases/drug therapy , Protozoan Vaccines , Animals , Canada , Coccidiosis/drug therapy , Coccidiosis/prevention & control , Coccidiostats/therapeutic use , Eimeria/immunology , Feces/parasitology , Male , Poultry Diseases/prevention & control , Random AllocationABSTRACT
The room temperature X-ray responses as functions of time of two n type cubic GaN Schottky diodes (200 µm and 400 µm diameters) are reported. The current densities as functions of time for both diodes showed fast turn-on transients and increases in current density when illuminated with X-ray photons of energy up to 35 keV. The diodes were also electrically characterized: capacitance, implied depletion width and dark current measurements as functions of applied bias at room temperature are presented. At -5 V reverse bias, the capacitances of the diodes were measured to be (84.05 ± 0.01) pF and (121.67 ± 0.02) pF, respectively. At -5 V reverse bias, the dark current densities of the diodes were measured to be (347.2 ± 0.4) mA cm(-2) and (189.0 ± 0.2) mA cm(-2), respectively. The Schottky barrier heights of the devices (0.52 ± 0.07) eV and (0.63 ± 0.09) eV, respectively, were extracted from the forward dark current characteristics.
ABSTRACT
The joint meeting of International Society for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research (ISSTDR) and International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections (IUSTI) was held in July 2013 in Vienna, Austria. The conference had attracted over 1300 submissions and was divided into six tracks. The track chairs reviewed all presentations and identified key themes and data that delegates should be aware of. In a conference summary session, each track chair presented these highlights. This conference report details and expands on this summary.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Congresses as Topic , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Humans , Mass Screening , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/drug therapy , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & controlABSTRACT
A study conducted in 2002-2003 at three UK south coast hospitals measuring the length of time for non-genitourinary medicine physicians to diagnose HIV when patients presented with an HIV-related illness, found a median time to diagnosis of four days with 70% of diagnoses being made within seven days. This retrospective cohort study of all patients newly diagnosed with HIV between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2011 was conducted at the same three hospitals. Thirty-seven patients were newly diagnosed with HIV in non-genitourinary (GU) medicine inpatient and outpatient settings (24 men, 13 women), with a mean age of 43 years. The median time to diagnosis was one day (interquartile range of 0-4 days), with 81% of diagnoses made within seven days of first presentation. Late diagnosis of HIV remains a significant challenge, but delayed diagnosis in a patient admitted with an HIV-related illness is reducing in this setting.
