Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/surgery , Joint Dislocations/surgery , Lung Neoplasms/surgery , Orthopedic Procedures/methods , Ribs/surgery , Scapula/injuries , Adult , Bone Plates , Bone Wires , Female , Humans , Joint Dislocations/etiology , Male , Middle Aged , Orthopedic Procedures/instrumentation , Pneumonectomy , Scapula/surgery , Shoulder Pain/etiology , Shoulder Pain/surgery , Thoracotomy/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Forty-seven consecutive patients underwent superior plating for clavicular nonunion between 1995 and 2005. This retrospective analysis was performed to assess the efficacy of plate fixation and the need for iliac crest bone grafting. Forty-three patients were treated with pelvic reconstruction plates and four with straight dynamic compression plates. Of the patients, 30 were treated with local bone graft only, 14 with demineralized bone matrix, and 3 with distant autogenous bone graft. Of the fractures, 93% united after a single operation. Of the patients, 69% returned the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire. The mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score was 14.6 (range, 0-53). Plate prominence or sensitivity resulted in removal in 20% of cases. We believe that superiorly applied plate fixation is effective for the treatment of clavicular nonunion. Distant autogenous bone graft is not necessary in most cases to obtain union.
Subject(s)
Bone Plates , Clavicle/injuries , Fracture Fixation, Internal/methods , Fractures, Ununited/surgery , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Bone Transplantation , Child , Female , Humans , Ilium/surgery , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Transplantation, Autologous , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
The population structure, genetics and ecology of the checkerspot butterfly, Chlosyne palla, in an area of Gunnison County, Colorado were investigated. The population structure was found to be quite different from that of most butterflies and from all of those aspects known for its thoroughly studied relative, Euphydryas editha. The population unit of Chlosyne palla may cover an area some five to eight times the size of the largest known Euphydryas population and twice the size of an Erebia epipsodea population in the same county of Colorado.Genetic variation at eleven loci of Chlosyne palla was examined by electrophoresis. Three samples of Chlosyne palla separated by 1.6, 4.7, and 12.0 km were not significantly different. Comparison with Euphydryas editha yields a genetic similarity of 0.186, about the same level as found by Ayala (1975) for different genera of Drosophila. Euphydryas editha from the same Colorado location were more similar to California E. editha than to C. palla, showing concordance with the phenetic classification. Decreased heterozygosity was observed for the Colorado E. editha and C. palla compared to California populations of E. editha and E. chalcedona.
