Demographic, Health Care, and Fertility-related Characteristics of Adults Aged 18-44 Who Have Ever Been in Foster Care: United States, 2011-2017.

Objective-This report presents demographic characteristics, health service access and use, and timing of key fertility-related milestones among adults aged 18-44 who had ever been in foster care as compared with those who had never been in foster care in the United States. Methods-The National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) is a nationally representative survey, with data collected through in-person interviews of the household population of the United States. Analyses used 6 years of NSFG interviews spanning September 2011 through September 2017, and included 11,527 male and 14,439 female respondents aged 18-44. Bivariate analyses examined demographic characteristics and health service access and use by having ever been in foster care, as measured by household roster information and childhood background items. Cumulative probabilities of first sexual intercourse, first marriage, and first birth by age were estimated using Kaplan-Meier procedures. All estimates were stratified by sex. Results-Overall, 2.6% of adults aged 18-44 had ever been in foster care, and the percentage was higher for women (3.0%) than for men (2.3%). Lower percentages of men and women who were ever in foster care had a bachelor's degree or higher (4.8% for men and 9.1% for women) compared with those who had never been in foster care (31.1% and 36.2%, respectively). Receipt of public assistance in the past 12 months was more likely among adults who were ever in foster care compared with those who were never in foster care. Adults ever in foster care were less likely than adults never in foster care to be currently covered by private health insurance and were more likely to be covered by Medicaid. Adults ever in foster care also had higher probabilities of first sexual intercourse and first births at younger ages than those never in foster care.

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF TOOTH RESORPTION IN CATS.

Tooth resorption is the most common dental disease in cats and can be a source of oral pain. The current clinical gold standard for diagnosis includes a combination of oral exam and dental radiography, however early lesions are not always detected. Computed tomography (CT) of the skull, including the dental arches, is a commonly performed diagnostic procedure, however the appearance of tooth resorption on CT and the diagnostic ability of CT to detect tooth resorption have not been evaluated. The purpose of this prospective, descriptive, diagnostic accuracy study was to characterize the CT appearance of tooth resorption in a sample of affected cats and to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of CT for tooth resorption compared to the clinical gold standard of oral exam and intraoral dental radiography. Twenty-eight cat cadaver specimens were recruited for inclusion. Each specimen was evaluated using oral exam, intraoral dental radiography, and computed tomography (four different slice thicknesses). Each tooth was evaluated for the presence or absence of tooth resorption. Teeth with lesions and a subset of normal teeth were evaluated with histopathology. On CT, tooth resorption appeared as irregularly marginated hypoattenuating defects in the mineral attenuating tooth components, most commonly involving the root or cementoenamel junction. Sensitivity for CT detection of tooth resorption was fair to poor (42.2-57.7%) and specificity was good to excellent (92.8-96.3%). Findings from this study indicated that CT has high specificity but low sensitivity for detection of tooth resorption in cats.

Underserved parents, underserved youth: Considering foster parent willingness to foster substance-using adolescents.

Adolescents involved with foster care are five times more likely to receive a drug dependence diagnosis when compared to adolescents in the general population. Prior research has shown that substance use is often hidden from providers, negating any chance for treatment and almost guaranteeing poor post-foster care outcomes. There are virtually no studies that examine the willingness (and its determinants) to foster youth with substance abuse problems. The current study conducted a nationally-distributed survey of 752 currently licensed foster care parents that assessed willingness to foster youth overall and by type of drug used, and possible correlates of this decision (e.g., home factors, system factors, and individual foster parent factors such as ratings of perceived difficulty in fostering this population). Overall, willingness to foster a youth involved with alcohol and other drugs (AOD) was contingent upon the types of drugs used. The odds that a parent would foster an AOD-involved youth were significantly increased by being licensed as a treatment foster home, having fostered an AOD-involved youth in the past, having AOD-specific training and past agency-support when needed, and self-efficacy with respect to positive impact. Surprisingly, when religion played a large part in the decision to foster any child, the odds of willingness to foster an AOD-involved youth dropped significantly. These results suggest that a large proportion of AOD-involved youth who find themselves in the foster care system will not have foster families willing to parent them, thereby forcing placement into a variety of congregate care facilities (e.g., residential treatment facilities, group homes). Specific ways in which the system can address these issues to improve placement and permanency efforts is provided.

Effect of child protective services system factors on child maltreatment rereporting.

This study examined how child protective services (CPS) systems respond to initial and subsequent reports in the context of child maltreatment rereporting and to what extent CPS system factors are associated with the risk of rereporting after controlling for abuse type and child and family factors. This study followed 67,243 families who were reported to the CPS agencies in seven counties in Florida for child abuse and neglect over a period of 5.4 years and found that 14,218 families had one or more child maltreatment rereports. Key findings include that CPS system factors were significantly different from initial report to subsequent reports. Five CPS system factors, reporting source, contact by CPS workers, investigative level at intake, postinvestigation services, and duration ofCPS involvement were significantly associated with the risk of child maltreatment rereporting. Multivariate analyses found that CPS system factors were substantially different for three categories ofrereporting, unsubstantiated rereports, substantiated rereports, and recurrence reports. Interpretations and implications for practice are discussed.

Lip avulsion and mandibular symphyseal separation repair in an immature cat.

A 12-week-old kitten was presented for symphyseal separation, comminuted rostral fractures of the mandibles, avulsion of the mandibular lip, andfractured teeth. Oral examination and intraoral dental radiographs demonstrated a mandibular symphyseal separation and the presence of developing tooth buds. Cerclage wire was placed circumferentially around the mandibles for 2-weeks to provide stabilization of the mandibular symphyseal separation. Clinical examination 9.5-months following surgery demonstrated normal occlusion with enamel hypoplasia affecting the mandibular canine teeth. Intraoral dental radiographs showed a partial bony union of the mandibular symphysis and vital, developing mandibular canine teeth.