Subject(s)
Disabled Persons/legislation & jurisprudence , Government Regulation , Health Care Rationing/legislation & jurisprudence , Patient Selection , Tissue and Organ Procurement/legislation & jurisprudence , Ethics, Medical , Federal Government , Humans , Patient Advocacy/legislation & jurisprudence , Prejudice , Resource Allocation , Social Justice , United StatesABSTRACT
Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded fromD. ponderosae to the enantiomers of the terpenoid bark-beetle pheromonestrans-verbenol,cis-verbenol, verbenone, and the bicyclic ketals frontalin,exo-brevicomin, andendo-brevicomin. Male and female responses to enantiomers of the terpenoids differed significantly only at the two highest concentrations. No sex differences were seen in response to the bicyclic ketals. Significantly different responses to the enantiomers of all the chemicals, except frontalin, were noted over at least part of the dosage-response ranges tested. The negative antipode for all of the terpenoids elicited higher responses, while for the bicyclic ketals, the positive antipode effected the largest responses except for the two highest concentrations ofexo-brevicomin.
ABSTRACT
Electroantennograms (EAGs) were obtained forD. ponderosae to the bark beetle pheromonestrans-verbenol,cis-verbenol,exo-brevicomin,endo-brevicomin, frontalin, verbenone; to the kairomones, α-pinene, ß-pinene, camphene, Δ-3-carene, limonene, myrcene; to a blend (1â¶1â¶1) oftrans-verbenol,exo-brevicomin, and myrcene; and to diacetone-alcohol. Male and female responses, in general, did not differ significantly over the whole EAG dose-response curves but differed at a few concentrations on many of the curves. There were more differences noted for pheromones than kairomones. The blend yielded among the largest EAGs in both sexes and appeared to show synergism. Responses of females were lower than those for males in most instances. Significant differences in responses by the two sexes were much fewer for the kairomones than the pheromones. EAG recovery rates tested at only one concentration showed significant differences between males and females for three pheromones,trans-verbenol,cis-verbenol, and verbenone, and two kairomones, camphene and Δ-3-carene. Thresholds were quite low for most of the odorants exceptcis-verbenol, camphene, verbenone, and diacetone-alcohol in females, andcis-verbenol, verbenone, α-pinene, and diacetone-alcohol in males. The results, using at least one EAG parameter, support behavioral and field studies involvingexo-brevicomin,trans-verbenol, frontalin, and the blend.
