ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To describe an outbreak of pneumococcal disease in a Washington state nursing home and to report a survey of pneumococcal vaccine utilization in Washington nursing homes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Outbreak. Data were collected from nursing home residents' records. Nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained from residents and staff. Survey. Fifty-four randomly selected Washington nursing homes were surveyed about pneumococcal vaccine utilization and policies. RESULTS: Outbreak. Three confirmed and 4 possible cases of pneumococcal disease occurred over 9 days among 94 residents; 5 patients (71%) died. Cases were identified among 6 of 42 residents on 1 wing, compared with 1 of 52 on the other 2 wings (relative risk 7.4, 95% confidence interval 1.0, 398.5). Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 9V was cultured from the blood of 3 confirmed case-patients and the nasopharynx of 2 of 73 residents. Only 7% of residents had received pneumococcal vaccine, including one case-patient who had received 14-valent vaccine without serotype 9V. Survey. Only 22% of residents were reported to have received pneumococcal vaccine; vaccination status was unknown for 66%. Physician discretion determined pneumococcal vaccination in 49 (91%) nursing homes; 9 (17%) had a written policy. Two major barriers to pneumococcal vaccination were cited: low priority among physicians (43%) and difficulty in determining residents' vaccine history (37%). CONCLUSIONS: A pneumococcal disease outbreak among undervaccinated nursing home residents probably resulted from person-to-person transmission. Pneumococcal vaccine appears to be underutilized in Washington state nursing homes.
Subject(s)
Bacteremia/epidemiology , Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage , Disease Outbreaks , Nursing Homes , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/epidemiology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Bacteremia/microbiology , Drug Utilization , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Health Policy , Health Priorities , Humans , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Medical Records , Nasopharynx/microbiology , Pharynx/microbiology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Washington/epidemiologyABSTRACT
1. Biotin in chicken egg yolk is non-covalently bound to a specific protein that comprises 0.03% of the total yolk protein (0.8 mg/yolk). This biotin-binding protein is not detectable by the normal avidin assay owing to the biotin being tightly bound. Exchange of [14C]biotin for bound biotin at 65 degrees C is the basis of an assay for this protein. 2. Biotin-binding protein from egg yolk is distinguishable from egg-white avidin on Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, although the sizes of the two proteins appear quite similar. 3. Biotin-binding protein is denatured at a lower temperature and freely exchanges biotin at lower temperatures than does avidin. 4. The biotin-binding protein in egg yolk is postulated to be responsible for the deposition of biotin in egg yolk. D-[carboxyl-14C]Biotin injected into laying hens rapidly appears in the egg bound to yolk biotin-binding protein and avidin. Over 60% of the radioactivity is eventually deposited in eggs. The kinetics of biotin deposition in the egg suggests a 25 day half-life for an intracellular biotinyl-coenzyme pool in the laying hen.
