Subject(s)
Fish Products/supply & distribution , Food Supply , Animals , Crustacea , Developing Countries , Dietary Proteins , Eukaryota , Fisheries , Fishes , Food Preservation , Food Supply/economics , Humans , Mollusca , Nutritive Value , SeaweedABSTRACT
Most chemical contaminants occur in highest concentrations in coastal waters, often maximized in very localized areas. In general, this situation represents the exposure pattern for marine animals. However, the availability of contaminant to an organism depends not only on its concentration but also on its chemical nature, its physical state, and whether the source of exposure is the surrounding seawater or the diet. Depending on the type of exposure, uptake occurs across absorptive surfaces, such as those of the respiratory apparatus or gastrointestinal tract, where selectivity may occur, even among neighboring homologs. Deposition in tissues, accumulation, degradation, or depuration depends on tissue type, metabolic processes, detoxification mechanisms, and the adaptive status of a particular animal. This hypothesis is examined briefly for hydrocarbons, pesticides, other miscellaneous organic contaminants, heavy metals, and radionuclides. It is concluded that most data relate to occurrence and distribution. Considerably less information is available on the underlying biochemical processes.
Subject(s)
Hydrocarbons/metabolism , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Water Pollutants , Animals , Biotransformation , Birds/metabolism , Caniformia/metabolism , Cetacea/metabolism , Crustacea/metabolism , Echinodermata/metabolism , Fishes/metabolism , Insecticides/metabolism , Metals/metabolism , Mollusca/metabolism , Organophosphorus Compounds/metabolism , Petroleum , Tissue Distribution , Water Pollutants, Radioactive , Zooplankton/metabolismSubject(s)
Vitamin E/analysis , Chromatography, Thin Layer , Colorimetry , Food Analysis , Oils/analysisABSTRACT
1. delta-Tocotrienol (8-methyltocotrienol) was isolated from the latex of Hevea brasiliensis. This new member of the tocopherol family is a pale-yellow oil at room temperature. 2. The properties of delta-tocotrienol are very similar to those of delta-tocopherol and the small differences can be explained by the change in side chain. 3. The ultraviolet and infrared spectra of delta-tocotrienol were determined and a conversion factor for use with the Emmerie-Engel reaction was worked out. Details are given for the chromatography of delta-tocotrienol on thin layers (adsorption and partition) and reversed-phase paper, and the nitroso derivatives were formed. 4. An ethyl carbonate ester of delta-tocotrienol was prepared and compared with a similar ester of delta-tocopherol. 5. Hydroxymethylation of delta-tocotrienol followed by reduction gave beta-tocotrienol as a major product.
