2,8-Dihydroxyadenine nephrolithiasis with chronic kidney disease in children: A case report and review of literature.

The incidence of nephrolithiasis in children ranges from 5 to 10% in developing countries. Etiology of nephrolithiasis in children remains largely unknown, so metabolic evaluation is indicated in all case, because of potential morbidity and recurrence. We report a case of 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine nephrolithiasis present as bilateral staghorn stone in 11 years old boy with chronic kidney disease. 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine nephrolithiasis is the result of a metabolic abnormality due to the deficiency of the enzyme adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), it is not only promote stone formation, but also induced nephropathy. Early diagnosis ensure appropriate treatment and favorable prognosis for kidney function and stone management.

Factors Affecting Neurocognitive Function in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: In children, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been known to affect neurocognitive function which can impair the quality of life. This study aims to determine the factors and treatment modalities which might affect neurocognitive function in pediatric population with CKD. Patients and Methods: A systematic review was done using 3 electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and carried out based on PRISMA guidelines. Our review included articles published in the last 10 years (2011-2021) in English, on children aged 0-18 years with CKD. Factors affecting the children's neurocognitive function were assessed. Results: Eight articles were included in this study. Three articles reported that parent's education, especially maternal education affect the neurocognitive function of children with CKD. In relation with modalities, in general, children with CKD who had kidney transplant had a better neurocognitive outcome. A longer duration of hemodialysis (HD) was associated with poorer neurocognitive outcomes. Other factors that can affect the neurocognitive function included depression, a history of abnormal births, seizures, and hypertension. Conclusion: In children, CKD might cause neurocognitive function disorders through various complex and interconnected mechanisms. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism and prevention of neurocognitive disorders, as well as the best choice of therapeutic modality to improve both kidney function and neurocognitive function in children with CKD.

An evaluation of kidney dysfunction as a common symptom of typhoid infection in an endemic country: A rare case study.

Nephrotic syndrome and encephalopathy are uncommon complications that occurred in typhoid fever. The diagnosis is based on proteinuria finding with nephrotic range value, edema, and hypoalbuminemia. In this study, a 10-year-old boy was diagnosed with encephalopathy typhoid and nephrotic syndrome. The physical examination and urinalysis were conducted with methylprednisolone 60 mg/body surface area and captopril to reduce proteinuria.

Disease-Associated Systemic Complications in Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is one of the most common childhood kidney diseases. During the active phase, the disease pathogenesis affects various biological functions linked to loss of proteins negatively, which can result in systemic complications. Complications of childhood NS are divided into two categories: disease-associated complications and drug-associated complications. However, complications in pediatric patients with NS, especially disease-associated complications are still limited. Although reported in the literature, information is not comprehensive and needs to be updated. This study aimed to systematically assess systemic complications in children with NS, especially disease-associated complications, to better understand how they impact outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of several databases: BioMed Central Pediatrics, PubMed, Google Scholar, the National Library of Medicine, Cochrane Library, CINAHL/EBSCO, British Medical Journal, Science Direct, Scopus, and Elsevier's ClinicalKey. We followed the PRISMA guidelines to plan, conduct, and report this review. We used the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tools for assuring the quality of the journal articles that were chosen. RESULTS: Eleven articles concerning complications in childhood NS were analyzed. Systemic disease-associated complications in covered were cardiovascular complications, infections, thyroid-hormone complication, kidney complications, and oral health complications. CONCLUSION: NS is marked by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia, which can result in systemic disease-associated complications. Cardiovascular complications, infections, thyroid-hormone complications, kidney complications, and oral health complications are the main systemic complications in childhood NS. It is essential that health-care providers prevent these complications for proper maintenance of patients' health.

The level of transforming growth factor-ß as a possible predictor of cyclophosphamide response in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is a burden in the country due to the progressive severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) or monoclonal antibodies are currently recommended for the treatment of this disease. In developing countries, steroid and cyclophosphamide (CPA) are available drugs used during the treatment. This study aims to provide a non-invasive modality that can be used to predict the response of SRNS children to CPA therapy. Subsequently, the proteinuria duration was shortened to reduce the risk of glomerular damage. The present study aims to determine whether there is a correlation between baseline serum TGFB and proteinuria in SRNS children six months after receiving CPA treatment. The author hypothesized that there would be a negative correlation between those variables. METHOD: A prospective-cohort-study was conducted at Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia. A total of 88 SRNS children, aged 1 to 18 were accessed for serum TGF-ß level before receiving CPA therapy for six months, and clinical signs were observed. Furthermore, after six months of CPA treatment, the subjects were divided into CPA responder and non-responder based on the presence of proteinuria, then the data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression to adjust age and gender. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant relationship between TGF-ß and the risk of non-response to CPA therapy, after accounting for age, gender, baseline GFR, baseline ureum, and baseline urinary protein, the adjusted-OR was 1.051 (95% CI 1.007, 1.097, p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: The high level of serum TGF-ß obtained prior to CPA administration are reliable data for estimating adverse results on CPA therapy. Based on these results, a high baseline TGF-ß level correlates with the poor response of CPA therapy.

Potential role of ACE2-related microRNAs in COVID-19-associated nephropathy.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for coronavirus disease (COVID-19), potentially have severe kidney adverse effects. This organ expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the transmembrane protein which facilitate the entering of the virus into the cell. Therefore, early detection of the kidney manifestations of COVID-19 is crucial. Previous studies showed ACE2 role in various indications of this disease, especially in kidney effects. The MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in this organ affected ACE2 expression. Therefore, this review aims at summarizing the literature of a novel miRNA-based therapy and its potential applications in COVID-19-associated nephropathy. Furthermore, previous studies were analyzed for the kidney manifestations of COVID-19 and the miRNAs role that were published on the online databases, namely MEDLINE (PubMed) and Scopus. Several miRNAs, particularly miR-18 (which was upregulated in nephropathy), played a crucial role in ACE2 expression. Therefore, the antimiR-18 roles were summarized in various primate models that aided in developing the therapy for ACE2 related diseases.

Complicated Urinary Tract Tuberculosis in a 13-Year-Old Adolescent with Chronic Kidney Disease and Antituberculous Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity.

Urinary tract tuberculosis (TB) is a rare extrapulmonary manifestation of TB in children. The disease is potentially underdiagnosed because it clinically resembles other urinary tract infections. A 13-year-old adolescent girl presented with pain, difficulty in micturition, and gross hematuria for almost two years before admission, and she had left flank pain since one year ago and significant loss of body weight during the illness. The close TB contact was her grandmother who was on TB treatment. Acid-fast bacilli yielded positive result, Mantoux test was positive (17 mm), urine GeneXpert MTB/Rif was positive; tuberculoma was identified on kidney histopathology, and a diuretic renogram revealed an uncorrected glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the right and left kidney to be 32.5 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 5 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. During the treatment, oral anti-TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity (ADIH) occurred to the patient. This problem was solved with management according to the British Thoracic Society (BTS) guidelines. Screening TB in children is very important for a better outcome. If children complain of some complicated urinary tract infection, TB should be suspected. Optimaly treating children with urinary tract TB exagerrated with ADIH and CKD is very challenging.