ABSTRACT
More than ever, male patients are seeking cosmetic procedures for a variety of reasons including but not limited to: a less aged appearance, social, or work related issues. Injectable neurotoxins and fillers are appealing to the male patient for their safety, rapid results, and minimal downtime. However, methods applied to the female patient do not always translate to the male patient. In this article, we review the anatomical, biological, and behavioral differences in men. We also provide an in-depth discussion of the techniques and dosages that are used in men, emphasizing the distinctions between the sexes. While once overlooked, this gender is becoming an important demographic in cosmetic dermatology.
Subject(s)
Cosmetic Techniques , Dermal Fillers/therapeutic use , Face/anatomy & histology , Neurotoxins/therapeutic use , Skin Aging/drug effects , Dermal Fillers/administration & dosage , Facial Bones/anatomy & histology , Facial Muscles/anatomy & histology , Female , Humans , Injections , Male , Neurotoxins/administration & dosage , Sex Factors , Skin Aging/physiologyABSTRACT
IMPORTANCE: Patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) who develop systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may have few and mild systemic symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the types and severity of systemic symptoms in a longitudinal cohort of patients with CLE. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective, longitudinal cohort study of 77 patients with CLE who presented between January 2007 and April 2011 at a university autoimmune skin disease clinic. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Systemic symptoms and severity were determined from data recorded at each study visit and from medical records. RESULTS: Of 77 patients with CLE, 13 (17%) went on to meet criteria for SLE, with a mean (SD) time from CLE diagnosis to SLE of 8.03 (6.20) years. Of the 13 patients, 1 (8%) solely met the mucocutaneous American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria of malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity, and oral ulcers, and 3 (23%) met the mucocutaneous ACR criteria plus positive antinuclear and other antibody titers. After a mean (SD) follow-up time of 2.81 (1.34) years, only 5 of the 13 patients with CLE (38%) who progressed to meet SLE criteria developed moderate to severe additional systemic disease. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Patients with CLE who developed SLE during our study did so mostly by meeting the mucocutaneous ACR criteria, and the majority developed none to mild additional systemic disease during the study period. Thus, our study suggests that a small percentage of patients with CLE eventually develop SLE and that even if they do, most patients will have mild systemic disease.
