Peer-provided psychological intervention for Syrian refugees: results of a randomised controlled trial on the effectiveness of Problem Management Plus.

BACKGROUND: The mental health burden among refugees in high-income countries (HICs) is high, whereas access to mental healthcare can be limited. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of a peer-provided psychological intervention (Problem Management Plus; PM+) in reducing symptoms of common mental disorders (CMDs) among Syrian refugees in the Netherlands. METHODS: We conducted a single-blind, randomised controlled trial among adult Syrian refugees recruited in March 2019-December 2021 (No. NTR7552). Individuals with psychological distress (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) >15) and functional impairment (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) >16) were allocated to PM+ in addition to care as usual (PM+/CAU) or CAU only. Participants were reassessed at 1-week and 3-month follow-up. Primary outcome was depression/anxiety combined (Hopkins Symptom Checklist; HSCL-25) at 3-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes included depression (HSCL-25), anxiety (HSCL-25), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; PCL-5), impairment (WHODAS 2.0) and self-identified problems (PSYCHLOPS; Psychological Outcomes Profiles). Primary analysis was intention-to-treat. FINDINGS: Participants (n=206; mean age=37 years, 62% men) were randomised into PM+/CAU (n=103) or CAU (n=103). At 3-month follow-up, PM+/CAU had greater reductions on depression/anxiety relative to CAU (mean difference -0.25; 95% CI -0.385 to -0.122; p=0.0001, Cohen's d=0.41). PM+/CAU also showed greater reductions on depression (p=0.0002, Cohen's d=0.42), anxiety (p=0.001, Cohen's d=0.27), PTSD symptoms (p=0.0005, Cohen's d=0.39) and self-identified problems (p=0.03, Cohen's d=0.26), but not on impairment (p=0.084, Cohen's d=0.21). CONCLUSIONS: PM+ effectively reduces symptoms of CMDs among Syrian refugees. A strength was high retention at follow-up. Generalisability is limited by predominantly including refugees with a resident permit. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Peer-provided psychological interventions should be considered for scale-up in HICs.

Examining the evidence for best practice guidelines in supportive supervision of lay health care providers in humanitarian emergencies: A systematic scoping review.

Background: Supervision is widely recognised as an important form of support for lay health service providers. However, guidance in appropriate supervision practices for task-shifting health interventions within the unique context of humanitarian emergencies is lacking. This review set out to identify empirically supported features of supervisory practices for lay health care providers in humanitarian emergencies, towards a stronger evidential basis for best practice in supportive supervision. Methods: In January 2021, six databases and five non-governmental organizations' websites were searched for articles examining the effectiveness of supervision for health care interventions delivered by lay providers in humanitarian settings. The inclusion criteria for study selection were qualitative or quantitative primary studies, articles published in peer reviewed journals or technical reports and the availability of the studies in English. The outcomes of interest were client clinical outcomes, health service efficiency and sustainability, and lay health care providers well-being. All articles were independently reviewed by the first and last authors. Results: A total of 3371 articles were initially identified, with a total of 11 articles retained following the systematic screening process (two quantitative, four mixed methods and five qualitative studies). All studies generally reported positive impacts of supportive supervision on client outcomes, service sustainability, staff well-being and staff performance. Only four studies offered emotional support as part of supportive supervision. No studies evaluated the effect of supportive supervision on service efficiency. The narrative synthesis suggests significant challenges with providing supportive supervision, including excessive workloads, difficult supervisory relationships, geographic dispersion of lay providers, safety concerns, poorly trained supervisors, and lack of supervisory guidelines. Conclusions: More efforts are needed to prioritize supportive supervision in task-shifting frameworks and to ensure that supervision is regular, consistent and of high-quality, with well-trained and well-supported supervisors.

Identifying best practice for the supervision of mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian emergencies: a Delphi study.

BACKGROUND: Supportive supervision has been shown to improve worker resilience and wellbeing, which are particularly important in the context of humanitarian emergency settings. Despite its noted importance however, supervision remains an under-prioritised area in mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS). METHOD: The present study used a Delphi consensus-building methodology to examine levels of agreement among a diverse sample of MHPSS stakeholders (n = 48) on key ideas and concepts relating to supervision in humanitarian settings. RESULTS: The majority of statements presented showed a high degree of consensus, with some receiving almost universal agreement, such as the importance of using active listening skills in the supervisory context and the need for supervisors to have access to their own supervisory support. However, disagreement on several points remained. For example, participants disagreed about whether the qualities required to be an effective supervisor can be taught, or whether they are more innate and should be screened for when recruiting supervisors. Gender differences in responses were also analysed, with potential associations between gender and level of agreement emerging in relation to statements about power dynamics, remote supervision, and intervention quality enhancement. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study are discussed in terms of their implications for a forthcoming set of guidelines for supervision of MHPSS in humanitarian settings: The Integrated Model for Supervision (IMS).

Towards an integrated model for supervision for mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian emergencies: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Despite recent advances in the development and provision of mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) in humanitarian settings, inadequate supervision remains a significant barrier to successful implementation. The present study sought to incorporate broad stakeholder engagement as part of the first phase of development of a new Integrated Model for Supervision (IMS) for use within MHPSS and protection services in humanitarian emergencies. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 global mental health professionals. Data was analysed thematically, using a combination of inductive and deductive methods. Codes and themes were validated through co-author cross-checks and through a webinar with an expert advisory group. RESULTS: Results reinforce the importance of effective supervision to enhance the quality of interventions and to protect supervisees' wellbeing. Participants generally agreed that regular, supportive supervision on a one-to-one basis and as a separate system from line management, is the ideal format. The interviews highlight a need for guidance in specific areas, such as monitoring and evaluation, and navigating power imbalances in the supervisory relationship. Several approaches to supervision were described, including some solutions for use in low-resource situations, such as group, peer-to-peer or remote supervision. CONCLUSION: An integrated model for supervision (IMS) should offer a unified framework encompassing a definition of supervision, consolidation of best practice, and goals and guidance for the supervisory process.

No implementation without cultural adaptation: a process for culturally adapting low-intensity psychological interventions in humanitarian settings.

BACKGROUND: Despite the widely recognised importance of cultural adaptation to increase the effectiveness of psychological interventions, there is little guidance on its process. Developed based on existing theory, we applied a four-step process to culturally adapt a low-intensity psychological intervention for use in humanitarian settings. METHODS: The four-step process was applied to adapt a WHO low-intensity psychological intervention (i.e. Problem Management Plus, or PM+) for use with displaced Venezuelans and Colombians in Colombia. First, a rapid desk review was used as an (1) information gathering tool to identify local population characteristics. Next, the results were taken forward for the (2) formulation of adaptation hypotheses, whereby PM+ protocols were screened to identify components for adaptation, drawing on the Ecological Validity Model. Third, the elements flagged for adaptation were taken forward for (3) local consultation to firstly, verify the components identified for adaptation, to identify other areas in need of adaptation, and thirdly, to adapt the intervention protocols. Finally, the adapted intervention protocols were reviewed through (4) external evaluations with local experts. RESULTS: The information gathering phase yielded key information on the socioeconomic aspects of the groups targeted for intervention, the availability and need for mental health and psychosocial support, and existing barriers to accessing care. The adaptation hypotheses phase further identified the need for clearer explanations of key concepts, the need for sensitive topics to match local attitudes (e.g., domestic violence, thoughts of suicide), and the identification of culturally appropriate social supports. Building on these first two phases, local consultation subsequently resulted in revised PM+ protocols. The adapted protocols differed from the original format in their focus on the problems unique to these population groups, the way that psychological distress is expressed in this context, and the inclusion of locally available supports. The results of the external evaluation supported the adaptations made to the protocols. CONCLUSION: The proposed four-step process offers a useful guide for how to adapt low-intensity psychological intervention within humanitarian settings. Despite some limitations, we show that even when time and resources are scarce it is possible and necessary to culturally adapt psychological interventions. We invite further testing, replication, and improvements to this methodology.

Effectiveness of a peer-refugee delivered psychological intervention to reduce psychological distress among adult Syrian refugees in the Netherlands: study protocol.

Background: Syrian refugees face multiple hardships and adversities which put them at risk for the development of mental health problems. However, access to adequate mental health care in host countries is limited. The WHO has developed Problem Management Plus (PM+), a brief, scalable psychological intervention, delivered by non-specialist helpers, that addresses common mental disorders in people affected by adversity. This study is part of the STRENGTHS project, that aims to evaluate peer-refugee delivered psychological interventions for Syrian refugees in Europe and the Middle East. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the peer-refugee delivered PM+ intervention among Syrian refugees with elevated levels of psychological distress in the Netherlands. Methods: PM+ will be tested in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) among Arabic-speaking Syrian refugees in the Netherlands aged 18 years and above with self-reported psychological distress (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; K10 >15) and impaired daily functioning (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule; WHODAS 2.0 >16). Participants (N = 380) will be randomized into care as usual with PM+ (CAU/PM+, n = 190) or CAU only (CAU, n = 190). Baseline, 1-week post-intervention, and 3-month and 12-month follow-up assessments will be conducted. Primary outcomes are symptoms of depression and anxiety. Secondary outcomes are functional impairment, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, self-identified problems, anger, health and productivity costs, and hair cortisol concentrations. A process evaluation will be carried out to evaluate treatment dose, protocol fidelity and stakeholder views on barriers and facilitators to implementing PM+. Results and Conclusions: PM+ has proved effectiveness in other populations and settings. After positive evaluation, the adapted manual and training materials for individual PM+ will be made available through the WHO to encourage further replication and scaling up. Trial registration: Trial registration Dutch Trial Registry, NL7552, registered prospectively on March 1, 2019. Medical Ethics Review Committee VU Medical Center Protocol ID 2017.320, 7 September 2017.

Antecedentes: Los refugiados sirios atraviesan muchas dificultades y adversidades, las cuales los ponen en riesgo para el desarrollo de problemas de salud mental. Sin embargo, el acceso a servicios de salud mental en los países que albergan a refugiados es limitado. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha desarrollado la intervención de Gestión de Problemas Plus (PM+, por sus siglas en inglés), una intervención psicológica breve, en etapas, realizada por facilitadores no especialistas, y que está dirigido al abordaje de los trastornos mentales más comunes en personas afectadas por la adversidad. Este estudio es parte de un proyecto más grande llamado STRENGTHS, cuyo objetivo es evaluar las intervenciones psicológicas brindadas por un refugiado a otro adaptadas para refugiados sirios en Europa y Medio Oriente.Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad y costo-efectividad de la adaptación de la intervención PM+ brindada por un refugiado a otro, en refugiados sirios con niveles elevados de malestar psicologico en los Países Bajos.Métodos: La adaptación de la intervención PM+ será evaluada en un ensayo clínico aleatorizado en refugiados sirios de habla árabe en los Países Bajos, en mayores de 18 años, con malestar psicológico auto-reportado (mediante la Escala de Kessler para Malestar Psicológico, K10>15) y deterioro en el funcionamiento diario (Registro de Evaluación de Discapacidad de la OMS; WHODAS 2.0 >16). Los participantes (N=380) serán distribuidos aleatoriamente en un grupo de tratamiento usual con PM+ (TU/PM+, n=190) y en uno de solo tratamiento usual (TU, n=190). Se tomarán evaluaciones de base, luego de la primera semana de la intervención, luego de los tres meses, y luego de los 12 meses. Estas evaluaciones serán asistidas por una aplicación de auto-entrevista con soporte de audio para tablet. Los resultados primarios son los síntomas de depresión y ansiedad. Los resultados primarios son los síntomas de depresión y ansiedad. Los resultados secundarios son el deterioro funcional, síntomas de estrés traumático, problemas auto-identificados, ira, costos en salud y productividad, y concentraciones de cortisol en el cabello. Se realizará un proceso de evaluación para valorar las opiniones de los interesados respecto a las barreras y facilitadores para implementar la intervención PM+, así como la dosis del tratamiento y la adherencia al protocolo.Discusión: La intervención PM+ ha mostrado efectividad en otras poblaciones y escenarios. Luego de obtener una evaluación positiva de la PM+ en refugiados sirios, se harán disponibles manuales y material de entrenamiento para PM+ individual a través de la OMS, de manera que se incentive la posterior replicación de la intervención y se aumente progresivamente su aplicación.

Caring for the mental health of humanitarian volunteers in traumatic contexts: the importance of organisational support.

Background: Humanitarian workers operate in traumatic contexts, putting them at an increased risk of adverse mental health outcomes. The quality of the support they receive from their organization, their supervisor, and team members are proposed as determinants of mental illness and well-being, via the stress-appraisal process. Objective: Grounded in organizational support theory, we sought to understand the relationship between organizational factors, including perceived organizational support, supervisor support, and team support, and indicators of both adverse mental health and mental well-being among humanitarian volunteers. This relationship is hypothesized to be mediated by the perceived psychological stress. Methods: A sample of 409 humanitarian volunteers from the Sudanese Red Crescent Society completed an online, anonymous, survey comprised of the Perceived Supervision, Perceived Organizational Support, Team Support, and Perceived Psychological Stress scales, as well as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Patient Health Questionnaire scales, (GAD-7 and PHQ- 8), and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. Study objectives were tested using structural equation modelling (SEM) procedures. Results: Perceived helplessness (PH) and perceived self-efficacy (PSE), as measures of psychological stress, were both found to fully mediate the relationship between perceived organizational support and mental health outcomes. Perceived organizational support was associated with PSE and inversely with PH. PH was associated with adverse mental health and inversely related to mental well-being. PSE was only associated with mental well-being. Perceived supervision was negatively associated with PSE. Conclusions: Perceived organizational support is a key determinant of the mental health of humanitarian volunteers, with greater perceived support associated with lower distress symptomology and greater mental well-being. Humanitarian agencies should take actions to improve their internal organization support systems to mitigate the stress associated with working in traumatic contexts. Specifically, more attention should be paid to the organizational support of the volunteers as front-line workers in humanitarian settings.

Antecedentes: Los trabajadores humanitarios operan en contextos traumáticos, lo que los pone en un mayor riesgo de resultados adversos para la salud mental. La calidad del apoyo que reciben de su organización, su supervisor, y los miembros del equipo han sido propuestos como determinantes importantes de las enfermedades mentales y el bienestar, a través del proceso de evaluación del estrés.Objetivo: Basados en la teoría del apoyo organizacional, buscamos comprender la relación entre los factores organizacionales, incluyendo el apoyo organizacional percibido, el apoyo del supervisor, y el apoyo del equipo, y los indicadores de salud mental adversa y bienestar mental entre los voluntarios humanitarios. La hipótesis es que esta relación está mediada por el estrés psicológico percibido.Métodos: Una muestra de 409 voluntarios humanitarios de la Sociedad de la Media Luna Roja Sudanesa completó una encuesta en línea, anónima, compuesta por las escalas de Supervisión Percibida, Apoyo Organizacional Percibido, Apoyo del Equipo, y Estrés Psicológico Percibido, así como las escalas de Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada y el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente, (GAD-7 y PHQ-8 en sus siglas en inglés) y la Escala de Bienestar Mental Warwick-Edinburgh. Los objetivos del estudio se probaron utilizando procedimientos de modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM en su sigla en inglés).Resultados: Se encontró que la desesperanza percibida (DP) y la autoeficacia percibida (AP), como medidas de estrés psicológico, mediaron completamente la relación entre el apoyo organizacional percibido y los resultados de salud mental. El apoyo organizacional percibido se asoció con la DP (b = −0.60) y la AP (b = 0.56). La DP se asoció con salud mental adversa (b = 0.88) y se relacionó inversamente con el bienestar mental (b = −0.43). La AP solo se asoció con el bienestar mental (b = 0.41). La supervisión percibida se asoció negativamente con la AP (b = −0.33).Conclusiones: El apoyo organizacional percibido es un determinante clave de la salud mental de los voluntarios humanitarios, con mayor apoyo percibido asociado con menor sintomatología de angustia y mayor bienestar mental. Las agencias humanitarias deberían tomar medidas para mejorar los sistemas de apoyo de su organización interna para mitigar el estrés asociado con el trabajo en contextos traumáticos. Específicamente, se debe prestar más atención al apoyo organizacional de los voluntarios como trabajadores de primera línea en entornos humanitarios.

Training the next generation of psychotraumatologists: COllaborative Network for Training and EXcellence in psychoTraumatology (CONTEXT).

In this paper we present a description of the Horizon2020, Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action funded, research and training programme CONTEXT: COllaborative Network for Training and EXcellence in psychoTraumatology. The three objectives of the programme are put forward, each of which refers to a key component of the CONTEXT programme. First, we summarize the 12 individual research projects that will take place across three priority populations: (i) refugees and asylum seekers, (ii) first responders, and (iii) perpetrators and survivors of childhood and gender-based violence. Second, we detail the mentoring and training programme central to CONTEXT. Finally, we describe how the research, together with the training, will contribute towards better policy, guidelines, and practice within the field of psychotraumatology.

En este artículo presentamos una descripción de un nuevo programa de investigación y formación, Horizon2020, con fondos de Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action, llamado CONTEXT o 'Red coordinadora para la formación y la excelencia en psicotraumatología'. Se presentan los tres objetivos del programa y cada uno de los cuales hace referencia a un componente clave del programa CONTEXT. Primero, resumimos los doce proyectos individuales de investigación que se llevarán a cabo en tres poblaciones prioritarias: (i) refugiados y solicitantes de asilo, (ii) personal de respuesta en emergencias y (iii) perpetradores y sobrevivientes de violencia infantil y de género. En segundo lugar, detallamos el programa de tutoría y formación, eje central de CONTEXT. Finalmente, describimos cómo la investigación, junto con la formación, contribuirá a una mejor política, directrices y práctica en el campo de la psicoterapia.

Strengthening mental health care systems for Syrian refugees in Europe and the Middle East: integrating scalable psychological interventions in eight countries.

The crisis in Syria has resulted in vast numbers of refugees seeking asylum in Syria's neighbouring countries as well as in Europe. Refugees are at considerable risk of developing common mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Most refugees do not have access to mental health services for these problems because of multiple barriers in national and refugee specific health systems, including limited availability of mental health professionals. To counter some of challenges arising from limited mental health system capacity the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a range of scalable psychological interventions aimed at reducing psychological distress and improving functioning in people living in communities affected by adversity. These interventions, including Problem Management Plus (PM+) and its variants, are intended to be delivered through individual or group face-to-face or smartphone formats by lay, non-professional people who have not received specialized mental health training, We provide an evidence-based rationale for the use of the scalable PM+ oriented programmes being adapted for Syrian refugees and provide information on the newly launched STRENGTHS programme for adapting, testing and scaling up of PM+ in various modalities in both neighbouring and European countries hosting Syrian refugees.

La crisis en Siria ha dado lugar a un gran número de refugiados que buscan asilo en países vecinos a Siria, así como en Europa. Los refugiados corren un riesgo considerable de desarrollar trastornos mentales comunes, como depresión, ansiedad y trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT). La mayoría de los refugiados no tienen acceso a servicios de salud mental para estos problemas debido a las múltiples barreras existentes en los sistemas de salud nacionales y específicos para refugiados, incluida una limitada disponibilidad de profesionales de salud mental. Para contrarrestar algunos de los retos derivados de la limitada capacidad del sistema de salud mental, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha desarrollado una gama de intervenciones psicológicas escalables dirigidas a reducir la angustia psicológica y mejorar el funcionamiento de las personas afectadas por la adversidad. Estas intervenciones, que incluyen Problem Management Plus (Gestión de problemas plus, PM+) y sus variantes, están pensadas para ser aplicadas en formatos cara a cara o mediante teléfonos inteligentes a individuos o grupos por personas no profesionales que no han recibido formación especializada en salud mental,Proporcionamos una justificación basada en la evidencia para el uso de programas escalables orientados a la PM+ que están siendo adaptados para refugiados sirios y proporcionamos información sobre el programa STRENGTHS recientemente lanzado para adaptar, probar y ampliar la PM+ en diversas modalidades, tanto en los países vecinos como en los europeos que reciben refugiados de Siria.