ABSTRACT
Young Australian Aboriginal children in remote communities experience very high rates of pneumococcal carriage and otitis media. Prior to introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7vPCV, Prevenar), serotype 16F was an important type found in nasal and ear discharge swabs. Since commencement of pneumococcal immunisation for Aboriginal infants in 2001, 16F has become the predominant established serotype in carriage and otitis media in young Aboriginal children. BOX typing and multi-locus sequence typing revealed a diverse population of serotype 16F strains, and evidence of potential capsule switching from a vaccine serotype 4 to a serotype 16F.
Subject(s)
Meningococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use , Otitis Media/microbiology , Otitis Media/prevention & control , Pneumococcal Infections/microbiology , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Pneumococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification , Australia , Bacterial Capsules , Child , Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine , Humans , Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander , Serotyping , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Australian Aboriginal children experience early, persistent and severe middle ear infections. We conducted a review of the medical literature that addressed acute otitis media (AOM) in Australian Aboriginal children. Comparisons were made with the recent guidelines on the diagnosis and management of AOM prepared by the American Academies of Pediatrics and Family Physicians (AAP & AAFP 2004). Otitis media in Aboriginal children living in remote communities begins in the first 3 months of life following early bacterial colonisation. Young children with persistent signs of suppurative disease (bulging of the tympanic membrane or middle ear discharge) are probably most at risk of developing chronic suppurative otitis media.
Subject(s)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander , Otitis Media/ethnology , Australia/epidemiology , Child, Preschool , Female , Guideline Adherence , Humans , Infant , Male , Otitis Media/diagnosis , Otitis Media/epidemiology , Otitis Media/therapy , Otitis Media, Suppurative/epidemiology , Otitis Media, Suppurative/ethnology , Pneumococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use , Rural Population , Tympanic Membrane Perforation/epidemiology , Tympanic Membrane Perforation/ethnologyABSTRACT
Soft-gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) are galactic X-ray stars that emit numerous short-duration (about 0.1 s) bursts of hard X-rays during sporadic active periods. They are thought to be magnetars: strongly magnetized neutron stars with emissions powered by the dissipation of magnetic energy. Here we report the detection of a long (380 s) giant flare from SGR 1806-20, which was much more luminous than any previous transient event observed in our Galaxy. (In the first 0.2 s, the flare released as much energy as the Sun radiates in a quarter of a million years.) Its power can be explained by a catastrophic instability involving global crust failure and magnetic reconnection on a magnetar, with possible large-scale untwisting of magnetic field lines outside the star. From a great distance this event would appear to be a short-duration, hard-spectrum cosmic gamma-ray burst. At least a significant fraction of the mysterious short-duration gamma-ray bursts may therefore come from extragalactic magnetars.
ABSTRACT
We have searched for the pion decay pi(+)-->&mgr;+X, where X is a neutral particle of mass 33.905 MeV. This process was suggested by the KARMEN Collaboration to explain an anomaly in their observed time distribution of neutrino induced reactions. Having measured the muon momentum spectrum of charged pions decaying in flight, we find no evidence for this process and place an upper limit on the branching fraction eta
