ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: African Americans have a particularly high prevalence of excessive body fat and high blood pressure. Genetic and environmental influences may be implicated for both of these risk factors. We investigated the potential for common genetic and environmental influences on body fat (waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI)) and blood pressure measures (systolic and diastolic pressure (SBP, DBP)) among African-American male and female subjects. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Measurements were taken as part of the Carolina African-American Twin Study of Aging (CAATSA). The CAATSA sample contains 217 same-sex African-American male and female twins with average age of 47 years. This analysis included 39 monozygotic male pairs (MZ), 43 dizygotic male pairs (DZ); 63 MZ female pairs, and 72 DZ female pairs. Maximum likelihood quantitative genetic analyses were used. RESULTS: The total genetic variance for SBP was 22% in male subjects and 40.1% in female subjects. Of this total variance, 3.1% was in common with BMI in male subjects and 6% was in common with BMI in female subjects. After controlling for the effects of BMI, WC had less than 1% of its variance in common with SBP in male and female subjects. For DBP, the total genetic variance was 16.9% in male and 38.7% in female subjects. Of this total variance 6.1% was in common with BMI in male subjects and 3.7% was in common in female subjects. Again, WC had less than 1% of its genetic variance in common with DBP in both male and female subjects. The environmental variance common among these measures was also very small. The remaining variance was primarily accounted for by genetic and environmental effects unique to each measure as well as age. DISCUSSION: Based on the very small common genetic variance for BMI, SBP, and DBP as well as WC and the blood pressure measures, our results suggest that searching for common genes among these measures may be inconclusive.
Subject(s)
Black or African American/genetics , Blood Pressure/genetics , Body Mass Index , Environment , Twins , Adult , Body Composition , Diastole , Female , Humans , Likelihood Functions , Male , Middle Aged , Systole , Twins, Dizygotic , Twins, MonozygoticABSTRACT
New wound care products are increasingly found in many PACUs. Understanding the basic principles of wound healing and being familiar with the different types of dressings is essential for PACU nurses. This article reviews the phases of wound care healing, do's and don'ts of wound management, wound debridement, and the types of dressings available.
Subject(s)
Wounds and Injuries/nursing , Bandages , Humans , Postanesthesia Nursing , Wound Healing , Wounds and Injuries/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Pressure support ventilation decreases the work of breathing by providing the patient with positive airway pressure during the inspiratory phase. The use of this type of ventilatory support is likely to increase over the next few years for patients, especially during the weaning period. By understanding how pressure support ventilation works and what patient parameters need to be monitored, the critical care nurse can help patients decrease respiratory muscle fatigue during weaning and thus decrease the weaning time for these patients.
