Cigarette smoke extract induces oral squamous cell carcinoma cell invasion in a receptor for advanced glycation end-products-dependent manner.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) affects approximately 30,000 people and is associated with tobacco use. Little is known about the mechanistic effects of second-hand smoke in the development of OSSC. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is a surface receptor that is upregulated by second-hand smoke and inhibited by semi-synthetic glycosaminoglycan ethers (SAGEs). Our objective was to determine the role of RAGE during cigarette smoke extract-induced cellular responses and to use SAGEs as a modulating factor of Ca9-22 OSCC cell invasion. Ca9-22 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of cigarette smoke extract and SAGEs. Cell invasion was determined and cells were lysed for western blot analysis. Ras and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NF-κB) activation were determined. Treatment of cells with cigarette smoke extract resulted in: (i) increased invasion of OSCC; (ii) increased RAGE expression; (iii) inhibition of cigarette smoke extract-induced OSCC cell invasion by SAGEs; (iv) increased Ras, increased AKT and NF-κB activation, and downregulation by SAGEs; and (v) increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2, 9, and 14, and downregulation by SAGEs. We conclude that cigarette smoke extract increases invasion of OSCC cells in a RAGE-dependent manner. Inhibition of RAGE decreases the levels of its signaling molecules, which results in blocking the cigarette smoke extract-induced invasion.

LPS from P. gingivalis Negatively Alters Gingival Cell Mitochondrial Bioenergetics.

OBJECTIVE: Oral inflammatory pathologies are linked to increased oxidative stress, thereby partly explaining their relevance in the etiology of systemic disorders. The purpose of this work was to determine the degree to which LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis, the primary pathogen related to oral inflammation, altered gingival mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species generation. METHODS: Human gingival fibroblast (HGF-1) cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide of P. gingivalis. Mitochondrial function was determined via high-resolution respirometry. P GINGIVALIS: Mitochondrial function was determined via high-resolution respirometry. RESULTS: LPS-treated HGF-1 cells had significantly higher mitochondrial complex IV and higher rates of mitochondrial respiration. However, this failed to translate into greater ATP production, as ATP production was paradoxically diminished with LPS treatment. Nevertheless, production of the reactive H2O2 was elevated with LPS treatment. CONCLUSIONS: LPS elicits an increase in gingival cell mitochondria content, with a subsequent increase in reactive oxygen species production (i.e., H2O2), despite a paradoxical reduction in ATP generation. These findings provide an insight into the nature of oxidative stress in oral inflammatory pathologies.

Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induces RAGE-mediated inflammation in the Ca9-22 gingival carcinoma epithelial cell line.

OBJECTIVE: The oral environment is anatomically positioned as a significant gateway for exposure to environmental toxicants. Cigarette smoke exposure compromises oral health by orchestrating inflammation. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) has been implicated in smoke-induced inflammatory effects; however, its role in the oral cavity is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine RAGE expression by immortalized gingival carcinoma cells and the degree to which RAGE-mediated signaling influences inflammation. DESIGN: Gingival epithelia cells (Ca9-22) were exposed to 10% cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for six hours and screened for RAGE expression and inflammatory mediators. RESULTS: Quantitative PCR and immunoblotting revealed increased RAGE expression following exposure. Furthermore, exposure activated RAGE signaling intermediates including Ras and NF-κB. IL-6 and IL-1ß were also elevated in cell culture medium from CSE-exposed cells when compared to controls. A family of anionic, partially lipophilic sulfated polysaccharide derivatives known as semi-synthetic glycosaminoglycan ethers (SAGEs) were used in an effort to block RAGE signaling. Co-treatment of CSE and SAGEs ameliorated inflammatory responses. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide a new perspective on a mechanism of cigarette smoke induced oral inflammation. Further work may show RAGE signaling as a potential target in the treatment of diseases of the oral cavity exacerbated by tobacco smoke exposure.

Oral Gingival Cell Cigarette Smoke Exposure Induces Muscle Cell Metabolic Disruption.

Cigarette smoke exposure compromises health through damaging multiple physiological systems, including disrupting metabolic function. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of oral gingiva in mediating the deleterious metabolic effects of cigarette smoke exposure on skeletal muscle metabolic function. Using an in vitro conditioned medium cell model, skeletal muscle cells were incubated with medium from gingival cells treated with normal medium or medium containing suspended cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Following incubation of muscle cells with gingival cell conditioned medium, muscle cell mitochondrial respiration and insulin signaling and action were determined as an indication of overall muscle metabolic health. Skeletal muscle cells incubated with conditioned medium of CSE-treated gingival cells had a profound reduction in mitochondrial respiration and respiratory control. Furthermore, skeletal muscle cells had a greatly reduced response in insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and glycogen synthesis. Altogether, these results provide a novel perspective on the mechanism whereby cigarette smoke affects systemic metabolic function. In conclusion, we found that oral gingival cells treated with CSE create an altered milieu that is sufficient to both disrupted skeletal muscle cell mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity.