Implantation of additional defibrillation lead into the coronary sinus: an effective method of decreasing defibrillation threshold.

We report a case of successful implantation of an additional defibrillation lead into the coronary sinus due to high defibrillation threshold (DFT) in a seriously ill patient with a history of extensive myocardial infarction referred for implantable cardioverter- defibrillator implantation after an episode of unstable ventricular tachycardia. All previous attempts to reduce DFT, including subcutaneous electrode implantation, had been unsuccessful.

Survival analysis in patients with preserved left ventricular function and standard indications for permanent cardiac pacing randomized to right ventricular apical or septal outflow tract pacing.

BACKGROUND: Optimal right ventricular (RV) pacing site in patients referred for permanent cardiac pacing remains controversial. A prospective randomized trial was done to compare long-term effect of permanent RV apex (RVA) vs RV outflow tract (RVOT) pacing on the all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 122 consecutive patients (70 men, 69 +/-11 years), with standard pacing indications were randomized to RVA (66 patients) or RVOT (56 patients) ventricular lead placement. After the 10-year follow-up period the mortality data were summarized on the basis of an intention-to-treat analysis. During the long-term follow-up, 31 patients from the RVA group died vs 24 patients in the RVOT group (hazard ratio (HR), 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.57-1.65; P=0.89). There were 10 cardiovascular deaths in the RVA and 12 in the RVOT group (HR, 1.04; 95%CI, 0.45-2.41; P=0.93). There were no differences in the all-cause or cardiovascular mortality between the pacing sites after adjustment for age, gender, arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, New York Heart Association class and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter. CONCLUSIONS: The RVOT provides no additional benefit in terms of long-term survival over RVA pacing.

[Cardioverter-defibrillator implantation in a patient with persistent left superior vena cava--a case report]. / Implantacja kardiowertera-defibrylatora serca u chorego z przetrwala zyla glówna górna lewa.

A case of a successful implantation of cardioverter-defibrilator using the persistent left superior vena cava is presented. After six month of follow-up pacing and sensing parameters remained constant.

Right ventricular apex versus right ventricular outflow tract pacing: prospective, randomised, long-term clinical and echocardiographic evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: In patients treated with permanent pacing, the electrode is typically placed in the right ventricular apex (RVA). Published data indicate that such electrode placement leads to an unfavourable ventricular depolarization pattern, while right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) pacing seems to be more physiological. AIM: To compare long-term effects of RVOT versus RVA pacing on clinical status, left ventricular (LV) function, and the degree of atrioventricular valve regurgitation. METHODS: Patients with indications for permanent pacing, admitted to hospital between 1996 and 1997, were randomised to receive RVA or RVOT pacing. In 2004 during a final control visit in 27 patients clinical status, echocardiographic parameters and QRS complex duration as well as NT-proBNP level were measured. Analysed parameters were compared between groups and in the case of data available during the perioperative period also their evolution in time was assessed. RESULTS: Out of 27 patients 14 were randomised to the RVA group and 13 to the RVOT group. No significant differences between groups were observed before the procedure with respect to age, gender, comorbidities or echocardiographic parameters. Mean duration of pacing did not differ significantly between the groups (89+/-9 months in RVA group vs 93+/-6 months in RVOT group, NS). In the RVA group significant LV ejection fraction decrease was observed (from 56+/-11% to 47+/-8%, p <0.05); in the RVOT group LV ejection fraction did not change (54+/-7% and 53+/-9%; NS). Progression of tricuspid valve regurgitation was also observed in the RVA group but not in the RVOT group. During the final visit NT-proBNP level was significantly higher in the RVA group: 1034+/-852 pg/ml vs 429+/-430 pg/ml (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with normal LV function permanent RVA pacing leads to LV systolic and diastolic function deterioration. RVOT pacing can reduce the unfavourable effect and can slow down cardiac remodelling caused by permanent RV pacing. Clinical and echocardiographic benefits observed in the RVOT group after 7 years of pacing are reflected by lower NT-proBNP levels in this group of patients.

Biventricular pacing demonstrates similar effects in elderly and younger patients with advanced heart failure in the mid-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Biventricular (BIV) pacing has been shown to improve haemodynamics and functional status of patients (pts) with advanced chronic heart failure (CHF). No study has determined the effects of BIV in relation to the age of pts. AIM: To compare the clinical outcome in two groups of pts: > or =65 years (yrs) and <65 yrs referred for BIV pacing in our centre with at least 6 months of follow-up. METHODS: Among 15 pts > or =65 yrs and 16 pts <65 yrs successfully implanted with a BIV pacemaker, 12 and 15 pts, respectively, completed 6-month follow-up. Evaluation included change of NYHA class, 6-minute walking distance (6-minWD), drug therapy, QRS duration and echocardiographic parameters. The need for hospitalisation due to the worsening of CHF symptoms, assessed 6 months before and 6 months after BIV pacing, was compared. During long-term follow-up survival and complications related to this therapy were analysed. RESULTS: In both groups after 6 months of BIV pacing clinical improvement was observed, as demonstrated by the reduction in NYHA class (p <0.005), average duration of hospitalisation due to CHF (p <0.05) and diuretics doses (p <0.05). The comparison of changes in these parameters between the two groups, as well as of changes in 6-minWD and echocardiographic parameters, did not show significant difference. BIV pacing enabled an increase in the dosage of beta-blockers (in 50% pts > or =65 yrs and 60% pts <65 yrs), as well as of ACEI or ARB (25% and 40% pts, respectively). Survival was 80% in 15 pts > or =65 yrs during 16+/-15 months of follow-up and 81% in 16 pts v65 yrs during 22+/-14 months. All complications occurred in the 30-day post-operative period with similar frequency in both groups, also when LV lead-related complications were compared. CONCLUSIONS: In the mid-term follow-up BIV pacing demonstrates similar improvement in clinical status and exercise tolerance in elderly pts > or =65 yrs, as compared with pts <65 yrs. In both groups BIV pacing reduced the need for hospitalisation due to worsening of CHF symptoms, and enabled beneficial changes in the pharmacological treatment. Elderly patients are not at risk of more frequent complications associated with BIV pacing.

[Congestive heart failure after the Senning operation. Case report]. / Niewydolnosc krazenia po operacji metoda Senninga. Mozliwosci terapeutyczne.

From the early 1960s to the mid 1980s, the Mustard and Senning procedures were the treatment of choice for transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA). We report a case of a young girl who had undergone surgical repair of complete transposition by the Senning procedure in the early infancy. Twelve years later she developed a congestive heart failure. Based on the x-ray, echo and angiography study she was qualified for reoperation at German Heart Institute Berlin with a very good result. Long term follow-up of patients who underwent Mustard or Senning repair for d-TGA leads to identification of multiple residua and sequelae, as well as functional problems associated with these two procedures. Our patient illustrates the effective therapy which can improve the quality of life and postpone the time for the heart transplantation.

[Massive myocardial hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a risk factor for sudden death and high defibrillation threshold during cardioverter-defibrillator implantation]. / Masywne pogrubienie scian serca w kardiomiopatii przerostowej - zagrozenie naglym zgonem i wysoki próg defibrylacji podczas implantacji kardiowertera-defibrylatora.

Two cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with massive hypertrophy and high defibrillation threshold (DFT) are described. A 14-year-old boy, whose single risk factor for sudden death was extreme hypertrophy with maximum interventricular septum (IVS) thickness of 43 mm, survived an episode of ventricular fibrillation. During ICD implantation DFT testing showed energy requirements >30 J and the procedure was aborted. Amiodarone and verapamil treatment was discontinued and treatment with oral sotalol was instituted. After a period of amiodarone washout the procedure was repeated and DFT of 24 J was encountered. An 18-year-old female with massive hypertrophy (IVS thickness=35 mm) and other risk factors for sudden death underwent ICD implantation for primary prevention. During the procedure DFT=20 J and ICD with 30 J maximal output was implanted. An increase in DFT to more than 20 J was encountered during pre-discharge test. Lack of 10 J safety margin warranted ICD system revision and upgrade; during the second procedure DFT was 24 J and ICD with 35 J maximal output was implanted. In summary, in both cases ICDs with 35 J maximal output were successfully implanted.

[Electrical remodeling in a patient with biventricular pacemaker]. / Remodeling elektryczny u leczonego stymulacja dwukomorowa.

Electrical remodelling in a patient with biventricular pacemaker - a case report. A case of a 70-year-old patient with dilated cardiomyopathy is presented. The patient underwent biventricular pacemaker implantation and improved markedly. Indications for resynchronisation therapy are discussed.