ABSTRACT
Artemin (ART) signals through the GFR alpha-3/RET receptor complex to support sympathetic neuron development. Here we show that ART also influences autonomic elements in adrenal medulla and enteric and pelvic ganglia. Transgenic mice over-expressing Art throughout development exhibited systemic autonomic neural lesions including fusion of adrenal medullae with adjacent paraganglia, adrenal medullary dysplasia, and marked enlargement of sympathetic (superior cervical and sympathetic chain ganglia) and parasympathetic (enteric, pelvic) ganglia. Changes began by gestational day 12.5 and formed progressively larger masses during adulthood. Art supplementation in wild type adult mice by administering recombinant protein or an Art-bearing retroviral vector resulted in hyperplasia or neuronal metaplasia at the adrenal corticomedullary junction. Expression data revealed that Gfr alpha-3 is expressed during development in the adrenal medulla, sensory and autonomic ganglia and their projections, while Art is found in contiguous mesenchymal domains (especially skeleton) and in certain nerves. Intrathecal Art therapy did not reduce hypalgesia in rats following nerve ligation. These data (1) confirm that ART acts as a differentiation factor for autonomic (chiefly sympathoadrenal but also parasympathetic) neurons, (2) suggest a role for ART overexpression in the genesis of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, and (3) indicate that ART is not a suitable therapy for peripheral neuropathy.
Subject(s)
Autonomic Nervous System/embryology , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Neurons/metabolism , Neuroprotective Agents/metabolism , Peripheral Nerves/embryology , Adult , Animals , Autonomic Nervous System/drug effects , Autonomic Nervous System/physiology , Autonomic Nervous System Diseases/pathology , Blotting, Southern , Cells, Cultured , Female , Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors , Humans , Male , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Nerve Tissue Proteins/pharmacology , Neurons/drug effects , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Peripheral Nerves/drug effects , Peripheral Nerves/physiology , Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/pathology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Proto-Oncogene Proteins , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret , Rats , Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases , Signal Transduction/physiologyABSTRACT
Vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1), a membrane-associated cation channel, is activated by the pungent vanilloid from chili peppers, capsaicin, and the ultra potent vanilloid from Euphorbia resinifera, resiniferatoxin (RTX), as well as by physical stimuli (heat and protons) and proposed endogenous ligands (anandamide, N-arachidonyldopamine, N-oleoyldopamine, and products of lipoxygenase). Only limited information is available in TRPV1 on the residues that contribute to vanilloid activation. Interestingly, rabbits have been suggested to be insensitive to capsaicin and have been shown to lack detectable [(3)H]RTX binding in membranes prepared from their dorsal root ganglia. We have cloned rabbit TRPV1 (oTRPV1) and report that it exhibits high homology to rat and human TRPV1. Like its mammalian orthologs, oTRPV1 is selectively expressed in sensory neurons and is sensitive to protons and heat activation but is 100-fold less sensitive to vanilloid activation than either rat or human. Here we identify key residues (Met(547) and Thr(550)) in transmembrane regions 3 and 4 (TM3/4) of rat and human TRPV1 that confer vanilloid sensitivity, [(3)H]RTX binding and competitive antagonist binding to rabbit TRPV1. We also show that these residues differentially affect ligand recognition as well as the assays of functional response versus ligand binding. Furthermore, these residues account for the reported pharmacological differences of RTX, PPAHV (phorbol 12-phenyl-acetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate) and capsazepine between human and rat TRPV1. Based on our data we propose a model of the TM3/4 region of TRPV1 bound to capsaicin or RTX that may aid in the development of potent TRPV1 antagonists with utility in the treatment of sensory disorders.
