Public awareness of seafood mislabeling.

A substantial portion of seafood is mislabeled, causing significant impacts to human health, the environment, the economy, and society. Despite the large scientific literature documenting seafood mislabeling the public's awareness of seafood mislabeling is unknown. We conducted an online survey to assess the public's awareness and perceptions of seafood mislabeling. Of the 1,216 respondents, 38% had never heard of seafood mislabeling and 49% were only 'vaguely familiar' with it. After being provided the definition of seafood mislabeling 95% had some degree of concern. Respondents were the most concerned about environmental impacts caused by seafood mislabeling and the least concerned about the social justice implications. Respondents who were also more concerned and familiar with seafood mislabeling stated that they would be more likely to purchase seafood from a vendor where the labeling was independently verified.

What variables are associated with use of and need for dental prosthesis? A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Population-based studies assessing the factors associated with use of and need for dental prosthesis among older adults are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of and need for dental prosthesis and associated factors in the older adult population of a southern city of Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study, involving community-dwelling older adults (≥60 years), was performed. A probabilistic per cluster sampling was used, and 282 participants from Veranópolis, Brazil, were included. A clinical oral health examination was performed, and a structured questionnaire was applied. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to verify associations using Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The prevalence of use of dental prosthesis was 87.2% (n = 246), while the prevalence of need for dental prosthesis was 27% (n = 76). Older adults with medium/high levels of education had 17.8% (P = .019) lower prevalence ratio (PR) for use of dental prosthesis. Unmarried and retired older adults had, respectively, 11.1% (PR:1.111; 95%CI:1.022-1.207) and 19.5% (PR:1.195; 95%CI:1.009-1.415) higher PR for use of prosthesis. Those without access to dental care had 11.8% (P = .012) higher PR for use of dental prosthesis. Older adults living in rural areas had 64.7% (PR:1.647; 95%CI:1.079-2.514) higher PR of need for dental prosthesis. CONCLUSION: High and low prevalence of use of and need for dental prosthesis, respectively, were detected in this sample. Level of education, marital status, retirement status and access to dental care were associated with the use of dental prostheses. However, only residence area was associated with the need for oral rehabilitation.

Self-reported depressive symptoms in dental students: Systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically review the literature about the prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms in dental students. METHODS: PUBMED, SCOPUS, and EMBASE databases were search up to January 2020 with the following focused questions: "What is the prevalence of self-reported depression symptom in dental students?" and "Are sex and years of educational training associated with self-reported depressive symptom in dental students?". Observational studies that applied a questionnaire assessing depression were eligible. Standard mean differences (SMD) and pooled odds ratios (OR) were calculated for the questionnaires' scores and self-reported depressive symptom, respectively. RESULTS: Fifty-eight studies were included, and 15 different questionnaires were used. The prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms/at least mild depression ranged from 2.75% to 89.84%, and the pooled overall prevalence was 29% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26-34). Meta-analysis showed significantly lower scores in the questionnaires for self-reported depressive symptoms of male students (SMD: -0.22; 95% CI: -0.42 - -0.03). Conversely, no significant difference was detected for the OR of self-reported depressive symptom in the comparison between sex (OR: 1.11 - 95% CI: 0.77-1.62). Similarly, no significant difference was observed for the different school years regardless of the analytical strategy used. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that female dental students presented more self-reported depressive symptoms, but no difference is demonstrated during the years of dental education.

Tooth loss and associated factors in the elderly in Cruz Alta, Brazil: a cross-sectional study / Perda dentária e fatores associados em idosos em Cruz Alta, Brazil: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate severe tooth loss and associated factors among the elderly. A homebased crosssectional study, using random probabilistic sampling, was conducted with elderly persons from Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Oral health was examined and a structured questionnaire was answered. Associations between severe tooth loss and independent variables were determined using Poisson regression with robust variance. The level of significance adopted was 5%. Overall, 287 elderly persons were included. Among the elderly, 86 (29.9%) were edentulous, and 282 (98.3%) had lost at least one tooth. In this sample, median tooth loss was 21 (mean±standard deviation: 19.69±8.21). The sample was dichotomized into two groups according to the definition of severe tooth loss: less than nine remaining teeth or ≥9 remaining teeth. The prevalence of severe tooth loss was 60.3% (n=173). Females were associated with higher prevalence ratio (PR) of severe tooth loss (PR; 95% CI: 1.77; 1.39 - 2.24). Higher level of education was associated with lower PR of severe tooth loss (PR; 95% CI: 0.48; 0.30 - 0.77). The lack of access to dental care was associated with severe tooth loss (PR; 95% CI: 1.38; 1.13 - 1.67). Conversely, frequency of toothbrushing was not significantly associated with severe tooth loss (PR; 95% CI: 0.88; 0.73 - 1.06). High prevalence of severe tooth loss among the elderly was observed and found to be associated with sex, level of education, and access to dental care.

RESUMO Esse estudo objetivou avaliar a perda dentária severa e seus fatores associadas em idosos. Um estudo transversal, de base populacional, usando uma amostra probabilística, foi condu zido com os idosos de Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Exames de saúde bucal e um questionário estruturado foram realizados. Associações entre perda dentária severa e as variáveis independentes foram feitas, utilizando regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. No total, 287 idosos foram incluídos. Entre os idosos, 86 (29,9%) eram edêntulos, e 282 (98,3%) apresen tavam pelo menos uma perda dentária. Nessa amostra, a mediana de perda dentária foi 21 (média ± desvio padrão: 19,69±8,21). A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos de acordo com a definição de perda dentária severa: menos de nove dentes remanescentes ou ≥9 dentes presentes. A prevalência de perda dentária severa foi de 60,3% (n=173). As mulheres estiveram associadas com maior razão de prevalência (RP) de terem perda dentária severa (RP; IC95%: 1,77; 1,39 - 2,24). Alto nível educacional esteve associados com menor RP de ter perda dentária severa (RP; IC95% 0,48; 0,30 -0,77). A falta de acesso ao dentista esteve associada com maiores taxas de perda de dentária severa (RP; IC95%: 1,38; 1,13 -1,67). Por outro lado, frequência de escovação não esteve significati vamente associada perda dentária severa (RP; IC95%: 0,88; 0,73 - 1,06). Alta prevalência de perda dentária severa foi detectada entre os idosos e ela foi associada com sexo, nível educacional, e acesso ao dentista.

Nutritional assessment and associated factors in the elderly: apopulation-based cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess nutritional status and associated factors in elderly individuals. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in residential homes with a probabilistic cluster sample. Two-hundred eighty-seven individuals 65-74 y of age were interviewed and examined in the city of Cruz Alta, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the socioeconomic, behavioral, and general health conditions; the number of present teeth were counted. Nutrition was assessed with a validated instrument-the Mini Nutritional Assessment-which classifies the patient as normal (eutrophic), at nutritional risk, or malnourished. For data analysis, the participants were categorized in eutrophic or at nutritional risk (at risk of malnutrition + malnourished). The associations were assessed by either the χ2 or Mann-Whitney tests. Uni- and multivariate Poisson regression analyses verified the associations. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: The prevalence of nutritional risk was 48.4%. In the multivariate model, edentulous individuals with no complete denture or with only one complete denture (prevalence ratio PR, 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-2.13) and elderly individuals with no access to the dentist (PR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.11-1.88) presented higher potential for nutritional risk than their respective controls. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that approximately half of the participants (48.4%) were at nutritional risk. The lack of complete or partial rehabilitation of edentulous patients and the lack of access to the dentist were associated with higher nutrition risk.

Correlation between crestal alveolar bone loss with intracanal bacteria and apical lesion area in necrotic teeth.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the correlation between crestal alveolar bone loss with the presence of some bacterial species in root canals and the apical lesion area of necrotic teeth. DESIGN: Data from 20 patients with diagnosis of pulp necrosis and acute apical abscesses, without active periodontal diseases, were evaluated. Patients with history of antibiotic usage three months prior to the study, with exposed pulp cavity, and with probing depth >3 mm were not included. The root size, the distance between the bone crest to the tooth apex in the mesial and distal surfaces, and the apical lesion area were measured from standard periapical radiographies by a calibrated examiner. Root canal samples were collected using sterilized paper points. In multirooted teeth, the largest root canal was sampled. Culture, microbial isolation and identification by phenotypic methods were performed. Spearman correlation and exact Fischer test were calculated between higher/lower existing bone crests, according to the median and the presence of specific bacteria. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between occurrence of pathogenic bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, and Prevotella intermedia, and groups with higher/lower degree of bone loss (p > 0.05). A negative significant correlation was found between Parvimonas micra and periodontal bone loss (p = 0.02). Additionally, no statistically significant association was found between crestal bone loss and the apical lesion area. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that, in patients without active periodontitis, the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the root canal was not correlated with periodontal bone loss.

Spontaneous alveolar bone loss after 4NQO exposure in Wistar rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effect of an experimental carcinogenic, 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO), in the spontaneous alveolar bone loss (ABL) in an animal model. DESIGN: Twenty-two male Wistar rats were included in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (n = 10) received food and water ad libitum, and the test group (n = 12) receive the same food; however, 25 ppm of 4NQO was diluted in the drinking water. All animals were euthanized after 20 weeks, and the tongues were removed and analyzed macroscopically to determine the presence of oral mucosal lesions. All specimens were paraffin-embedded and histological sections were obtained. The microscopic analysis was based on routine procedure (haematoxylin and eosin stain). The analysis of spontaneous ABL was performed by a calibrated examiner using standardized photographs and imaging software. Differences in spontaneous ABL were assessed among the three resulting groups: control, 4NQO with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and 4NQO without OSCC. RESULTS: In the 4NQO-treated group, nine animals developed OSCC. The animals in the 4NQO with OSCC group presented significantly more spontaneous ABL (0.65 ±â€¯0.21 mm) than the control group (0.34 ±â€¯0.05) (p < 0.001). The animals in the 4NQO without OSCC group showed a mean spontaneous ABL of 0.47 ±â€¯0.13 mm, which was not statistically significant different when compared to the control group (p = 0.096). CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the presence of OSCC enhanced spontaneous ABL in Wistar rats when compared to control animals. Additionally, it was shown that, solely, administration of 4NQO may not be considered responsible for alveolar bone destruction.

Association between history of orthodontic treatment and sociodemographic factors in adolescents / Associação entre histórico de tratamento ortodôntico e fatores sociodemográficos em adolescentes

The aim of this study was to assess history of orthodontic treatment and its determinants in adolescents. This was a crosssectional study conducted in the city of Passo Fundo, Brazil, on a representative sample of adolescents aged 15 to 19 years, regularly enrolled in 20 high schools. A structured questionnaire was applied to assess demographic, behavioral and health variables. The association between history of orthodontic treatment and the dependent variables was analyzed by the chisquare test or Fisher's exact test. Additionally, multivariate regression with robust variance was performed. A total 736 students were examined and interviewed, of whom 57.6% had undergone orthodontic treatment, while 42.4% had not. In the multivariable analysis, the following variables were significantly associated with history of orthodontic treatment: female (PR= 1.26; 95% CI: 1.11 ­ 1.43), white (PR= 1.32; 95% CI: 1.11 ­ 1.56), mothers with higher level of education (PR=1.49; 95% CI: 1.28 ­ 1.74), tooth loss (PR=1.21; 95% CI: 1.06 ­ 1.39), and concern about oral health (PR=0.69; 95% CI: 0.61 ­ 0.78). Attending a private school was not significantly associated with history of orthodontic treatment (p>0.05). This study found a high rate for history of orthodontic treatment among adolescents, associated with gender, ethnicity, adolescent's mother with higher education, and tooth loss. Concern about oral health was a protective factor for orthodontic treatment (AU)

Esse estudo objetivou verificar o histórico de tratamento ortodôntico e seus fatores associados. Esse estudo transversal foi conduzido na cidade de Passo Fundo, Brasil, com uma amostra representativa dos adolescentes regularmente matricu lados no ensino médio, com idades entre 15 e 19 anos, de 20 escolas. Um questionário estrutura foi aplicado para acessar variáveis demográficas, comportamentais e de saúde. As associações entre histórico de tratamento ortodôntico e as variáveis independentes foram analisadas pelos testes de quiquadrado ou exato de Fisher. Além disso, regressão multivariada com variância robusta foi realizada. 736 estudantes foram examinados e entrevistados. Tratamento ortodôntico foi reali zado por 57,6% dos adolescentes, enquanto que 42,4% dos participantes não o mencionaram. Na análise multivariada, as seguintes variáveis estiveram significativamente associadas com histórico de tratamento ortodôntico: sexo feminino (PR= 1,26; 95%CI: 1,11 ­ 1,43), branco (PR= 1,32; 95%CI: 1,11 ­ 1,56), mães com alto nível educacional (PR=1,49; 95%CI: 1,28 ­ 1,74), perda dentária (PR=1,21; 95%CI: 1,06 ­ 1,39) e preocupação com a saúde bucal (PR=0,69; 95%CI: 0,61 ­ 0,78). Ir a uma escola privada não esteve significativamente associado com histórico de tratamento ortodôntico (p>0,05). Esse estudo demonstrou que altos níveis de histórico de tratamento ortodôntico são encontrados em adolescentes e isso está associado com sexo, etnia, alta escolaridade da mãe do adolescente e perda dentária. Preocupação com a saúde bucal mostrouse como um fator protetor para o tratamento ortodôntico (AU)

Prevalence of self-reported halitosis and associated factors in adolescents from Southern Brazil

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of selfreportedhalitosis and associated factors in adolescents fromPasso Fundo, Brazil. Additionally, we studied adolescents’concern with their own breath and whether anyone hadever told them that they had halitosis...

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a prevalência de halitose autorreportada e fatores associados em adolescentes de Passo Fundo, Brasil. Além disso, foram verificados a preocupação dos adolescentes com o seu próprio hálito e se eles já foram avisados por alguém sobre essa condição em qualquer momento de suas vidas...

An approach to improving hospital advertising.

Newspaper ads from hospitals in Ohio were rated for their effectiveness and explicit use of marketing principles. Analysis showed that the advertising could be improved by increasing the motivation for action, emphasizing how the organization's products and services are different from competitors and more thoroughly identifying the benefits the consumer would receive. Use of the two forms in the study can contribute to improved health care advertising.