ABSTRACT
Little is known about how perceptions of government affects women's views of violence against women. This qualitative study examines women's perceptions of violence against women laws and trust in the health and legal sector response in São Paulo State, Brazil. Thirty interviews with female residents of Santo André, 18 years and older, were audio recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed for themes using MAXQDA12 software. All women were familiar with at least one federal violence against women law. They expressed widespread lack of trust in the government. They viewed the legal sector as ineffective and felt violence against women laws have little impact, or exacerbate violence. Disdain for the health sector was less prominent than for the legal sector. A generalized lack of trust in government manifests as a lack of confidence in these laws for women seeking support through legal and health sectors. Adoption of legal protections for women is a significant accomplishment. However, health and legal sector violence against women response needs to consider perceptions of government, how violence against women laws are operationalized, and the role of each sector in ensuring women's safety. Violence against women response efforts should include standardized intersectoral procedures including referral to accessible resources and means of screening women who may be at high risk for femicide.
Subject(s)
Trust , Violence , Brazil , Female , Humans , Qualitative Research , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Abstract: Little is known about how perceptions of government affects women's views of violence against women. This qualitative study examines women's perceptions of violence against women laws and trust in the health and legal sector response in São Paulo State, Brazil. Thirty interviews with female residents of Santo André, 18 years and older, were audio recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed for themes using MAXQDA12 software. All women were familiar with at least one federal violence against women law. They expressed widespread lack of trust in the government. They viewed the legal sector as ineffective and felt violence against women laws have little impact, or exacerbate violence. Disdain for the health sector was less prominent than for the legal sector. A generalized lack of trust in government manifests as a lack of confidence in these laws for women seeking support through legal and health sectors. Adoption of legal protections for women is a significant accomplishment. However, health and legal sector violence against women response needs to consider perceptions of government, how violence against women laws are operationalized, and the role of each sector in ensuring women's safety. Violence against women response efforts should include standardized intersectoral procedures including referral to accessible resources and means of screening women who may be at high risk for femicide.
Resumo: Há poucos estudos sobre a maneira pela qual o governo é percebido e como isso afeta as opiniões das próprias mulheres sobre a violência contra mulheres. Este estudo qualitativo examina as percepções das mulheres em relação as leis sobre violência contra mulheres e a confiança delas na resposta dos setores de saúde e direito no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram realizadas 30 entrevistas com mulheres acima de 18 anos de idade, residentes em Santo André. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas, codificadas e analisadas tematicamente com o uso do software MAXQDA12. Todas as mulheres conheciam pelo menos uma lei federal sobre violência contra mulheres. Elas manifestavam uma desconfiança generalizada em relação ao governo. Consideravam ineficazes as respostas do setor jurídico. Achavam que as leis sobre violência contra mulheres tinham pouco impacto, e que eventualmente exacerbavam a violência. Havia menos desconsideração em relação ao setor de saúde, comparado ao setor jurídico. A desconfiança generalizada em relação ao governo se manifesta enquanto falta de confiança nas leis para mulheres que buscam apoio através dos setores jurídico e sanitário. A adoção de salvaguardas formais para as mulheres representa um avanço significativo. Entretanto, a resposta à violência contra mulheres pelos setores jurídico e sanitário deve levar em conta as percepções em relação ao governo, e de como as leis sobre a violência contra mulheres são operacionalizadas, além do papel de cada setor na garantia da segurança das mulheres. As respostas à violência contra mulheres devem incluir procedimentos intersetoriais padronizados, incluindo o encaminhamento para triagem de mulheres expostas a risco elevado de feminicídio.
Resumen: Se sabe poco acerca de cómo las percepciones sobre el gobierno afectan los puntos de vista de las mujeres sobre la violencia que se ejerce sobre ellas. Este es un estudio cualitativo que examina las percepciones de las mujeres sobre las leyes relativas a la violencia contra mujeres y su confianza en la salud y en la respuesta del sector legal en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Se realizaron 30 entrevistas con mujeres residentes de Santo André, de 18 años y edad superior, se grabaron en audio, transcribieron, codificaron y analizaron para los temas usando el software MAXQDA12. Todas las mujeres estuvieron familiarizadas con al menos una ley federal sobre violencia contra mujeres. Ellas expresaron una falta generalizada de confianza en el gobierno. Consideraban al sector legal como ineficiente. Sentían que las leyes sobre la violencia contra mujeres tenían un escaso impacto ante la exacerbada violencia. El desdeño por el sector de salud fue menos prominente que por el sector legal. Una falta generalizada de confianza en el gobierno se manifiesta en una falta de confianza en estas leyes para las mujeres que buscan apoyo legal a través del mencionado sector y el de salud. La adopción de medidas legales para las mujeres es un logro significativo. No obstante, la respuesta sobre los sectores de salud y legal, en cuanto la violencia contra mujeres, necesita considerar las percepciones acerca del gobierno, de qué forma se aplican las leyes, así como el rol de cada sector para asegurar la seguridad de las mujeres. Los esfuerzos para atajar la violencia contra mujeres deberían incluir procedimientos estandarizados intersectoriales que proporcionen recursos accesibles y medios de supervisión a las mujeres que tal vez estén en alto riesgo de feminicidio.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Violence , Trust , Brazil , Surveys and Questionnaires , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Globally, inequality between men and women manifests in a variety of ways. In particular, gender inequality increases the risk of perpetration of violence against women (VAW), especially intimate partner violence (IPV), by males. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 35 % of women have experienced physical, psychological and/or sexual IPV at least once in their lives, making IPV unacceptably common. In 2006, the Maria da Penha Law on Domestic and Family Violence, became the first federal law to regulate VAW and punish perpetrators in Brazil. This study examines the relationship between Brazilian VAW legislation and male perpetration of VAW by comparing reported prevalence of IPV before and after the enactment of the Maria da Penha Law. METHODS: To assess changes in magnitude of IPV before and after the law, we used data from the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey; we replicated the analyses conducted for the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence Against Women-whose data were collected before the passage of the Maria da Penha Law. We compare findings from the two studies. RESULTS: Our analyses show an increase in the reported prevalence of physical violence, and a decrease in the reported prevalence of sexual and psychological violence. The increase may result from an actual increase in physical violence, increased awareness and reporting of physical violence, or a combination of both factors. Additionally, our analysis revealed that in the urban setting of São Paulo, physical violence was more likely to be severe and occur in the home; meanwhile, in the rural state of Pernambuco, physical violence was more likely to be moderate in nature and occur in public. CONCLUSION: The Maria da Penha Law increased attention and resources for VAW response and prevention; however, its true impact remains unmeasured. Our data suggest a need for regular, systematic collection of comparable population-based data to accurately estimate the true prevalence of IPV in Brazil. Furthermore, such data may inform policy and program planning to address specific needs across diverse settings including rural and urban communities. If routinely collected over time, such data can be used to develop policies and programs that address all forms of IPV, as well as evidence-based programs that address the social and cultural norms that support other forms of VAW and gender inequality.
