Erectile dysfunction: role of computed tomography cavernosography in the diagnosis and treatment planning of venous leak.

BACKGROUND: Venous leak appears to be the most common cause of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED), which can be treated with venous embolization. Traditionally, conventional cavernosography was used for the diagnosis and treatment planning of venous leak. Recently, computed tomography (CT) cavernosography was introduced as a novel cross-sectional imaging method proposed to be advantageous over conventional cavernosography. We created a novel management algorithm for diagnosing venous leak including CT cavernosography as an imaging modality. In order to provide a broader basis for our management algorithm, a systematic literature review was conducted. MAIN BODY: In this article we systematically review relevant literature on using CT cavernosography for the diagnosis and treatment planning in ED patients with venous leak following the PRISMA selection process. Nine full-text articles were included in the review and assigned a level of evidence grade (all grade II). Two studies (2/9) compared the results of conventional cavernosography with those of CT cavernosography which was superior for site-specific venous leak identification (19.4% vs. 100%, respectively). CT cavernosography is a more detailed imaging method that is faster to perform, exposes the patient to less radiation, and requires less contrast material. In one study (1/9), CT cavernosography was used for diagnostic purposes only. Eight studies (8/9) cover both, diagnostic imaging and treatment planning including embolization (1/9) and sclerotherapy (2/9) of venous leak in patients with venogenic ED. Three studies (3/9) describe anatomical venous leak classifications that were established based on CT cavernosography findings for accurate mapping of superficial and/or deep venous leak and identification of mixed or more complex forms of venous leak present in up to 84% of patients. In addition to treatment planning, one study (1/9) used CT cavernosography also for follow-up imaging post treatment. CONCLUSION: CT cavernosography is superior to conventional cavernosography for diagnosis and treatment planning in patients with ED caused by venous leak (grade II levels of evidence). Consequently, CT cavernosography should be included in management algorithms for ED patients with suspected venous leak.

Skin hyperpigmentation after sclerotherapy with polidocanol: A systematic review.

Skin hyperpigmentation after sclerotherapy with polidocanol-containing sclerosants is a common local side effect. Sclerotherapists should be familiar with factors that trigger hyperpigmentation after sclerotherapy with polidocanol-containing sclerosants. A systematic literature review of works reporting hyperpigmentation after sclerotherapy for telangiectasias, reticular veins, side branches and truncal varices with polidocanol-containing sclerosants was performed. Reported incidence rates, follow-up periods and potentially triggering factors were assessed and analysed. The search yielded 1687 results; of these, 27 reports met the inclusion criteria. The incidence of hyperpigmentation seemed to increase with higher concentrations of polidocanol and was more evident after sclerotherapy for epifascial veins than for intrafascial truncal veins when the polidocanol concentration was more than 0.25%. Regarding sclerotherapy for telangiectasias and reticular veins, the incidence of hyperpigmentation ranged between 2% and 25% for polidocanol 0.25% (liquid and foam), between 12.5% and 67.9% for polidocanol 0.5% (liquid and foam) and between 13% and 73% for polidocanol 1% (liquid and foam). Regarding truncal veins, the incidence ranged from 7% to 45.8% for polidocanol 1% (liquid and foam), from 16% to 17% for polidocanol 2% (foam) and from 7.4% to 32.5% for polidocanol 3% (liquid and foam). Regarding the treatment of side branches, the incidence of hyperpigmentation ranged from 5.6% to 53% for both foam and liquid sclerotherapy. Regarding the duration of hyperpigmentation, there are few data describing reticular veins and telangiectasias. Hyperpigmentation persisting for more than 6 months has been reported to have an incidence of up to 7.5%. Hyperpigmentation persisting for more than 1 year after foam polidocanol 1%-3% treatment for truncal veins has an incidence ranging from 8.1% to 17.5%. Other factors such as higher volumes and compression therapy after treatment seem to have a minor influence. Data regarding hyperpigmentation after polidocanol-related sclerotherapy are poor and should be improved by higher-quality research.

Reliability Assessment and Validation of the Skin Hyperpigmentation Index Compared to the Physician Global Assessment Score.

BACKGROUND: The skin hyperpigmentation index (SHI), a new objective method for measuring skin hyperpigmentation, needs validation. OBJECTIVE: To gain evidence of the reliability and validity of the SHI. METHODS: Fifteen raters were divided into 3 groups (5 dermatologists, 5 nondermatologist physicians, and 5 nonphysician clinicians). Each rated 5 pigmented mole lesions with mild-to-severe hyperpigmentation to determine intra- and interrater reliability. All raters photographed the lesions and rated them using the subjective Physician Global Assessment (PGA) score. The same photographs were then assessed based on automatic computer measurement software using the online SHI tool (https://shi.skinimageanalysis.com). RESULTS: The SHI reliability was excellent for all intra- and interrater assessments, while most PGA assessments showed good intra- and interrater agreement. Between-group reliability was excellent for SHI, while moderate-to-good for PGA evaluations. Concordance between the SHI and PGA assessments was strong across all groups of assessors. CONCLUSION: There is evidence that the SHI is a reliable instrument for measuring skin hyperpigmentation, and can be used by nonexperienced clinicians.

The skin hyperpigmentation index: An objective method of measuring the intensity of hyperpigmentation after sclerotherapy.

Skin hyperpigmentation in chronic venous insufficiency and as a side effect in vein treatments are of great importance for the affected individuals. There are only a few qualitatively limited methods that allow its quantification. Previous techniques to develop a reliable scientific approach to quantification have failed due to the lack of standardized conditions including differences in lighting, distances and equipment. A newly developed measuring method, the "skin hyperpigmentation index", enables a fully automated and standardized quantification of skin hyperpigmentation with dermatoscopic images. The skin hyperpigmentation index defines the ratio of two scores, namely hyperpigmented skin of the affected area and normal sun protected skin from the same patient. This results in a range from 1 (no pigmentation) to 4 (maximum pigmentation). For a practical evaluation of the score, a free skin hyperpigmentation index calculator can be used online, which is accessible to all practitioners (https://shi.skinimageanalysis.com/). The skin hyperpigmentation index is a fully automated method for the quantitative assessment of skin pigmentation which can easily be applied to any skin type with any type of hyperpigmentation. This allows a simple, fast, and standardized quantification of skin hyperpigmentation and is useful for monitoring the progress and planning of whitening therapy.

Pain in the aftermath of minimal invasive treatment for unilateral incompetence of the great saphenous vein.

OBJECTIVES: Assessment of postprocedural pain after minimal invasive treatment of unilateral incompetence of the great saphenous vein. METHODS: A total of 85 patients treated with endovenous laser ablation (1470 nm) in combination with foam sclerotherapy and evulsions reported postprocedural pain on a visual analogue scale (0-10) during 28 days after treatment. RESULTS: A mean pain reduction from 3.9 on the first postinterventional day to 0.3 was noted during the observation time. After 28 days, 7% of patients had a visual analogue scale >1. Higher body mass index was strongly associated with more pain during the whole follow-up period (p < 0.01). Higher energy application per cm vein and greater great saphenous vein diameter showed more pain in the first week. Other factors like clinical stage CEAP classification, combination of laser with avulsions and/or sclerotherapy, season of treatment timepoint, and age or sex did not influence postinterventional pain course. CONCLUSION: Higher body mass index and higher energy application per cm are associated with more postprocedural pain after endovenous laser ablation.

Bioengineered valves for the venous circulation.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic insufficiency of lower extremity venous valves represents a frequent structural disorder of the vascular system being responsible for a substantial global disease load. While in the field of superficial valve insufficiency surgical as well as endoluminal interventions represent good therapeutic options with high rates of complete remission of symptoms, only limited options exist in the field of deep venous reflux today. Bioengineered, autologous cell-based, endothelialized valve constructs may open up new therapeutic options in these patients, potentially offering novel treatment options in cases with severe insufficiency of deep venous segments in the future. Areas covered: This review summarizes previous reports focusing on venous valve replacement and bioengineering, also including first preclinical in vivo studies and first clinical trials in patients. In particular, the aspects of current technical and medical limitations of venous valve bioengineering approaches preventing clinical translation and potential solutions by upcoming technologies will be discussed as part of this review. Expert commentary: Bioengineered replacement valves may open up novel options in the treatment of venous valve disease in defined patient groups in the future. However, preventing thromboembolic complications will remain the bottle-neck for clinical translation of the technologies involved.

Biological variation of established and novel biomarkers for atherosclerosis: Results from a prospective, parallel-group cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Biomarkers are a promising tool for the management of patients with atherosclerosis, but their variation is largely unknown. We assessed within-subject and between-subject biological variation of biomarkers in peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients and healthy controls, and defined which biomarkers have a favorable variation profile for future studies. METHODS: Prospective, parallel-group cohort study, including 62 patients with stable PAD (79% men, 65±7years) and 18 healthy control subjects (44% men, 57±7years). Blood samples were taken at baseline, and after 3-, 6-, and 12-months. We calculated within-subject (CVI) and between-subject (CVG) coefficients of variation and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: Mean levels of D-dimer, hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-9, MMP-3, S100A8/A9, PAI-1, sICAM-1, and sP-selectin levels were higher in PAD patients than in healthy controls (P≤.05 for all). CVI and CVG of the different biomarkers varied considerably in both groups. An ICC≥0.5 (indicating moderate-to-good reliability) was found for hs-CRP, D-Dimer, E-selectin, IL-10, MCP-1, MMP-3, oxLDL, sICAM-1 and sP-selectin in both groups, for sVCAM in healthy controls and for MMP-9, PAI-1 and sCD40L in PAD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Single biomarker measurements are of limited utility due to large within-subject variation, both in PAD patients and healthy subjects. D-dimer, hs-CRP, MMP-9, MMP-3, PAI-1, sP-selectin and sICAM-1 are biomarkers with both higher mean levels in PAD patients and a favorable variation profile making them most suitable for future studies.

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes is higher in peripheral artery disease than in coronary artery disease patients.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes are risk factors for atherosclerosis and are highly prevalent in patients with coronary artery disease. However, the prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism in patients with peripheral artery disease is not as well elucidated. We aimed at comparing prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes, which were diagnosed according to the current American Diabetes Association criteria, among 364 patients with peripheral artery disease, 529 patients with coronary artery disease and 383 controls. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in peripheral artery disease patients was 49.7%. It was significantly higher in these patients than in coronary artery disease patients (34.4%; p < 0.001) and controls (21.4%; p < 0.001). Adjusted for sex, age and body mass index, odds ratios for type 2 diabetes mellitus were 2.0 (95% confidence interval 1.5-2.6) comparing the peripheral artery disease group with the coronary artery disease group (p < 0.001) and 4.0 (2.8-5.8) comparing the peripheral artery disease group with controls (p < 0.001). The prevalence of pre-diabetes among non-diabetic subjects was high in all three study groups (64.5% in peripheral artery disease patients, 63.4% in coronary artery disease patients and 61.8% in controls), without significant between-group differences. In conclusion, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is even higher in peripheral artery disease patients than in coronary artery disease patients. This observation underlines the need to consider impaired glucose regulation in the management of peripheral artery disease.

Ultrasound-assisted versus conventional catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: For patients with acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, it remains unclear whether the addition of intravascular high-frequency, low-power ultrasound energy facilitates the resolution of thrombosis during catheter-directed thrombolysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a controlled clinical trial, 48 patients (mean age 50 ± 21 years, 52% women) with acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis were randomized to receive ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis (N = 24) or conventional catheter-directed thrombolysis (N = 24). Thrombolysis regimen (20 mg r-tPA over 15 hours) was identical in all patients. The primary efficacy end point was the percentage of thrombus load reduction from baseline to 15 hours according to the length-adjusted thrombus score, obtained from standardized venograms and evaluated by a core laboratory blinded to group assignment. The percentage of thrombus load reduction was 55% ± 27% in the ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis group and 54% ± 27% in the conventional catheter-directed thrombolysis group (P = 0.91). Adjunctive angioplasty and stenting was performed in 19 (80%) patients and in 20 (83%) patients, respectively (P > 0.99). Treatment-related complications occurred in 3 (12%) and 2 (8%) patients, respectively (P > 0.99). At 3-month follow-up, primary venous patency was 100% in the ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis group and 96% in the conventional catheter-directed thrombolysis group (P = 0.33), and there was no difference in the severity of the post-thrombotic syndrome (mean Villalta score: 3.0 ± 3.9 [range 0-15] versus 1.9 ± 1.9 [range 0-7]; P=0.21), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized controlled clinical trial of patients with acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis treated with a fixed-dose catheter thrombolysis regimen, the addition of intravascular ultrasound did not facilitate thrombus resolution. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01482273.

Fixed low-dose ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis for intermediate and high-risk pulmonary embolism.

AIMS: No standardized local thrombolysis regimen exists for the treatment of pulmonary embolism (PE). We retrospectively investigated efficacy and safety of fixed low-dose ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis (USAT) for intermediate- and high-risk PE. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-two patients (65 ± 14 years) of whom 14 had high-risk PE (troponin positive in all) and 38 intermediate-risk PE (troponin positive in 91%) were treated with intravenous unfractionated heparin and USAT using 10 mg of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator per device over the course of 15 h. Bilateral USAT was performed in 83% of patients. During 3-month follow-up, two [3.8%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5-13%] patients died (one from cardiogenic shock and one from recurrent PE). Major non-fatal bleeding occurred in two (3.8%; 95% CI, 0.5-13%) patients: one intrathoracic bleeding after cardiopulmonary resuscitation requiring transfusion, one intrapulmonary bleeding requiring lobectomy. Mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 37 ± 9 mmHg at baseline to 25 ± 8 mmHg at 15 h (P < 0.001) and cardiac index increased from 2.0 ± 0.7 to 2.7 ± 0.9 L/min/m(2) (P < 0.001). Echocardiographic right-to-left ventricular end-diastolic dimension ratio decreased from 1.42 ± 0.21 at baseline to 1.06 ± 0.23 at 24 h (n = 21; P < 0.001). The greatest haemodynamic benefit from USAT was found in patients with high-risk PE and in those with symptom duration < 14 days. CONCLUSION: A standardized catheter intervention approach using fixed low-dose USAT for the treatment of intermediate- and high-risk PE was associated with rapid improvement in haemodynamic parameters and low rates of bleeding complications and mortality.

Early recoil after balloon angioplasty of tibial artery obstructions in patients with critical limb ischemia.

PURPOSE: To assess the extent of early recoil in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) undergoing conventional tibial balloon angioplasty. METHODS: Our hypothesis was that early recoil, defined as lumen compromise >10%, is frequent and accounts for considerable luminal narrowing after tibial angioplasty, promoting restenosis. To test this theory, 30 consecutive CLI patients (18 men; mean age 76.2±12.1 years) were angiographically evaluated immediately after tibial balloon angioplasty and 15 minutes later. Half the patients were diabetics. Target lesions included anterior and posterior tibial arteries and the peroneal artery with / without the tibioperoneal trunk. Mean tibial lesion length was 83.8 mm. Early elastic recoil was determined on the basis of minimal lumen diameter (MLD) measurements at baseline (MLDbaseline), immediately after tibial balloon angioplasty (MLDpostdilation), and 15 minutes thereafter (MLD15min). RESULTS: Elastic recoil was observed in 29 (97%) patients with a mean luminal compromise of 29% according to MLD measurements (MLDbaseline 0.23 mm, MLD postdilation 2.0 mm, and MLD15min 1.47 mm). CONCLUSION: Early recoil is frequently observed in CLI patients undergoing tibial angioplasty and may significantly contribute to restenosis. These findings support the role of dedicated mechanical scaffolding approaches for the prevention of restenosis in tibial arteries.

Fixed low-dose ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis followed by routine stenting of residual stenosis for acute ilio-femoral deep-vein thrombosis.

Patients with ilio-femoral deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) are at high risk of developing the post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). In comparison to anticoagulation therapy alone, extended venography-guided catheter-directed thrombolysis without routine stenting of venous stenosis in patients with ilio-femoral DVT is associated with an increased risk of bleeding and a moderate reduction of PTS. We performed a prospective single-centre study to investigate safety, patency and incidence of PTS in patients with acute ilio-femoral DVT treated with fixed-dose ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis (USAT; 20 mg rt-PA during 15 hours) followed by routing stenting of venous stenosis, defined as residual luminal narrowing >50%, absent antegrade flow, or presence of collateral flow at the site of suspected stenosis. A total of 87 patients (age 46 ± 21 years, 60% women) were included. At 15 hours, thrombolysis success ≥50% was achieved in 67 (77%) patients. Venous stenting (mean 1.9 ± 1.3 stents) was performed in 70 (80%) patients, with the common iliac vein as the most frequent stenting site (83%). One major (1%; 95% CI, 0-6%) and 6 minor bleedings (7%; 95%CI, 3-14%) occurred. Primary and secondary patency rates at 1 year were 87% (95% CI, 74-94%) and 96% (95% CI, 88-99%), respectively. At three months, 88% (95% CI, 78-94%) of patients were free from PTS according to the Villalta scale, with a similar rate at one year (94%, 95% CI, 81-99%). In conclusion, a fixed-dose USAT regimen followed by routine stenting of underlying venous stenosis in patients with ilio-femoral DVT was associated with a low bleeding rate, high patency rates, and a low incidence of PTS.

Catheter-based treatment of ilio-femoral deep vein thrombosis - an update on current evidence.

Ilio-femoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has a high rate of long-term morbidity in the form of the postthrombotic syndrome (PTS). Therefore, management of acute thrombosis should not only focus on the prevention of acute complications such as propagation or embolisation of the initial clot but also on preventing PTS and recurrent thrombosis. Contemporary catheter-based treatments of deep vein thrombosis have proven to be safe and effective in selected patients. Current guidelines recommend medical therapy with anticoagulation alone for all but the most severe, limb-threatening thrombosis. They additionally allow for consideration of catheter-based treatment in patients with acute DVT and low risk of bleeding complications to prevent PTS. Recent studies favoring interventional therapy have not been included in these guidelines. Data on long-term outcome is expected to be published soon, clarifying and very likely strengthening the role of catheter-based treatments in the management of acute ilio-femoral DVT.

Initial results of a computerized screening alert for abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients undergoing vascular assessment.

BACKGROUND: Although routine ultrasound screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) reduces mortality in subjects at risk, it is often omitted in clinical practice. Because computerized alerts may systematically identify subjects at risk of AAA, we hypothesized that such alerts would encourage physicians to perform an ultrasound screening test. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We designed and implemented a computer alert system into the patient database of our vascular outpatient clinic at a tertiary referral hospital in Switzerland. An electronic alert was issued instantaneously each time a physician accessed non-invasive arterial work-up data from a male subject aged ≥ 60 years. The physician was forced to acknowledge the alert and could then order or withhold ultrasound screening. RESULTS: From 2008 to 2012, alerts were issued for 1673 subjects. Following the alert, ultrasound screening was withheld in 1107 (65.6 %) subjects, and it was performed in 576 (34.4 %) of whom 155 were excluded for numerous reasons. Among 421 screened subjects, aortic diameters were < 25 mm in 353 (84 %), 25 to 29 mm in 20 (5 %), 30 to 54 mm in 40 (10 %), and ≥ 55 mm in 8 (2 %). CONCLUSIONS: The AAA prevalence among screened subjects with computerized alerts was high, confirming the necessity to routinely screen male subjects ≥ 60 years undergoing non-invasive arterial work-up. However, physician compliance with alerts was poor since only one quarter of subjects with alerts underwent screening. Further quality improvement initiatives are urgently required to facilitate routine AAA screening among subjects at high risk.

Infrapopliteal lesion morphology in patients with critical limb ischemia: implications for the development of anti-restenosis technologies.

PURPOSE: To angiographically evaluate infrapopliteal arterial lesion morphology in a consecutive series of patients presenting with critical limb ischemia (CLI) and undergoing infrapopliteal angioplasty. METHODS: A prospective analysis was undertaken of a consecutive series of CLI patients undergoing endovascular therapy in a tertiary referral center in the year 2011. Morphological assessment of baseline angiograms obtained prior to revascularization included lesion length, assessment of calcification using a semi-quantitative scoring system, and reference vessel diameter (RVD) measurement. Delta RVDs were assessed subtracting distal RVDs from proximal RVDs. A total of 197 infrapopliteal lesions in 105 CLI patients (n=106 limbs) were assessed. Of these, 136 lesions were treated by endovascular means. RESULTS: The average length of treated lesions was 87.1±43.8 mm in stenoses and 124.0±78.3 mm in chronic occlusions (p<0.001). Mean RVD proximal to the lesions was 1.88 mm whereas it was 1.66 mm distal to the lesions (p≤0.03). Mean arterial calcification was 1.15. CONCLUSION: This prospective angiographic series underlines the complex nature and extensive longitudinal involvement of infrapopliteal lesions in CLI patients. These findings should be taken into consideration for anti-restenosis concepts in this challenging subgroup of peripheral artery disease patients.

Sensitivity and specificity of fluorescence microlymphography for detecting lymphedema of the lower extremity.

Fluorescence microlymphography (FML) is used to visualize the lymphatic capillaries. A maximum spread of the fluorescence dye of ≥ 12 mm has been suggested for the diagnosis of lymphedema. However, data on sensitivity and specificity are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of FML for diagnosing lymphedema in patients with leg swelling. Patients with lower extremity swelling were clinically assessed and separated into lymphedema and non-lymphatic edema groups. FML was studied in all affected legs and the maximum spread of lymphatic capillaries was measured. Test accuracy and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to assess possible threshold values that predict lymphedema. Between March 2008 and August 2011 a total of 171 patients (184 legs) with a median age of 43.5 (IQR 24, 54) years were assessed. Of those, 94 (51.1%) legs were diagnosed with lymphedema. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio and positive and negative predictive value were 87%, 64%, 2.45, 0.20, 72% and 83% for the 12-mm cut-off level and 79%, 83%, 4.72, 0.26, 83% and 79% for the 14-mm cut-off level, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.76, 0.88). Sensitivity was higher in the secondary versus primary lymphedema (95.0% vs 74.3%, p = 0.045). No major adverse events were observed. In conclusion, FML is a simple and safe technique for detecting lymphedema in patients with leg swelling. A cut-off level of ≥ 14-mm maximum spread has a high sensitivity and high specificity of detecting lymphedema and should be chosen.

Increasing echogenicity of diffuse circumferential thickening ("macaroni sign") of the carotid artery wall with decreasing inflammatory activity of Takayasu arteritis.

We report a case of sonographic follow-up showing brightening of the diffuse circumferential thickening (halo) of the carotid artery wall (the so-called "macaroni sign") in a patient with decreasing inflammatory activity of Takayasu arteritis over a 6-month period. Sonographic follow-up in patients with Takayasu arteritis may be a useful complementary tool for evaluation of inflammatory activity. Besides a reduction of halo diameter, an increase in wall echogenicity appears to be a sign of decreasing inflammation.

The impact of orthostatic challenge on arteriovenous hemodynamics and volume changes of the lower extremity.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of an orthostatic challenge on arterial and venous hemodynamics and its relation to lower leg volume. METHODS: Hemodynamic parameters of 18 healthy subjects (six men; mean age, 38 ± 11 years) were assessed in the left proximal superficial femoral artery and femoral vein in supine position and during a 10-minute orthostatic challenge using duplex sonography. Lower leg volume was measured using an optoelectronic device. RESULTS: During orthostatic challenge, vein diameter increased significantly while artery diameter decreased compared with the supine position (P < .01 for both). Arterial and venous blood flow in the supine (baseline) position was similar (P = .54). During the first 2 minutes of orthostatic challenge, both arterial and venous blood flow significantly decreased, with a more important decrease in venous blood flow (P < .01 compared with artery). Following this nadir, venous blood flow increased above baseline levels, followed by a plateau flow similar to baseline. Arterial flow returned to flow level inferior to baseline values (P < .05). Lower leg volume increased from 2348 ± 399 mL to 2423 ± 433 (P < .001) within the first 5 minutes with no further increase thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: A 10-minute orthostatic challenge has a marked impact on both arterial and venous hemodynamics with a multiphasic change of venous and arterial flow. Lower leg volume increase correlates with venous and arterial flow response. These findings help to better understand the role of gravitational force in various vascular diseases of the lower extremities.

Neurological complications of sclerotherapy for varicose veins.

BACKGROUND: Sclerotherapy has been shown to be an effective and increasingly popular therapeutic strategy for the treatment of varicose veins. However, recent reports of serious side effects, including cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) and transient ischemic attacks (TIA), as well as speech and visual disturbances, have caused serious concern regarding its use. This review evaluated the reported incidences of neurological side effects associated with the use of sclerotherapy. METHODS: A systematic search of the data bases MEDLINE, OVID Embase, and Google Scholar was undertaken by two independent reviewers. Articles reporting neurological side effects in humans following foam and liquid sclerotherapy were included; animal studies, laboratory studies, and review articles were excluded. Additional references were also obtained using the related articles function. RESULTS: The search yielded 1023 articles, of which 41 studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria. A total of 10,819 patients undergoing sclerotherapy were reviewed. There were 12 case reports of CVA with confirmatory brain imaging and nine reports of TIA. There were 97 (0.90%) reports of neurological events overall, including TIA, visual and speech disturbances, and 29 cases of reported migraine (0.27%). Symptoms occurred at times ranging from minutes to several days following sclerotherapy. Eleven patients with TIA or CVA were found to have a right to left cardiac shunt, usually a patent foramen ovale. CONCLUSIONS: Neurological side effects following sclerotherapy are a rare occurrence; however, CVA associated with the use of sclerotherapy is clearly documented. The pathologic mechanisms resulting in CVA are likely to be different to those leading to migraine and visual disturbances; however, care should be exercised in patient selection, particularly in those with known cardiac defects.