Thermal injury patterns associated with electronic cigarettes.

E-cigarettes are typically lithium-ion battery-operated devices that simulate smoking by heating a nicotine-solution into a vapor that the user inhales. E-cigarette use is becoming rapidly popular as an alternative to traditional cigarette smoking. This report describes an emerging problem associated with e-cigarettes, consisting of 10 thermally injured patients seen at a single burn center over a 2-year period from 2014 to 2016. Our cohort was comprised mainly of young adults who sustained mixed partial and full thickness burns as a result of e-cigarette-related explosions. In many documented scenarios, a malfunctioning or over-heated battery is the cause. Our data support the need for increased awareness among healthcare providers and the general public of the potential harms of e-cigarette use, modification, storage, and charging.

Silver-coated nylon dressing plus active DC microcurrent for healing of autogenous skin donor sites.

INTRODUCTION: Burn wounds are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, and improved outcomes are demonstrated with early closure of both primary burn wounds and skin donor sites. Thus, technology that decreases the healing time of burns and donor sites would be potentially lifesaving. We present the results of a single-center, prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of silver-coated dressing with active microcurrent in comparison to silver-coated dressing with sham microcurrent on wound-closure time for autogenous skin donor sites. METHODS: Four hundred five patients were screened for treatment of their donor sites using a silver-coated nylon dressing with either sham or active microcurrent stimulation. Thirty patients were enrolled in the study and then randomized. Of these, 5 patients were removed from analysis due to protocol deviations. Differences in time-to-closure were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and the proportional hazard regression model. Subjective verbal pain rating scores (0-10; 0, no pain; 10, worst pain) were also recorded. All devices were blinded and programmed at an outside facility, so that every patient had either an active or sham device. The study was unblinded only after the final patient's donor site had healed. All patients achieved donor-site healing before postoperative day 20. The 14 patients in the active microcurrent group [mean, 10.8 (2.9) days; range, 7-15 days] experienced no difference in time to wound healing as compared to the remaining patients in the sham microcurrent group [mean, 11.1 (2.0) days; range, 8-14 days; P = 0.75]. There were no differences in pain from one group compared to the other. None of the donor sites exhibited clinical signs of infection. CONCLUSIONS: In a sample size of 25 burn patients, the addition of direct microcurrent to silver-nylon dressings did not decrease time to wound closure of skin donor sites, and it did not show a difference in reported pain levels.

Comparison of traditional burn wound mapping with a computerized program.

Accurate burn estimation affects the use of burn resuscitation formulas and treatment strategies, and thus can affect patient outcomes. The objective of this process-improvement project was to compare the accuracy of a computer-based burn mapping program, WoundFlow (WF), with the widely used hand-mapped Lund-Browder (LB) diagram. Manikins with various burn representations (from 1% to more than 60% TBSA) were used for comparison of the WF system and LB diagrams. Burns were depicted on the manikins using red vinyl adhesive. Healthcare providers responsible for mapping of burn patients were asked to perform burn mapping of the manikins. Providers were randomized to either an LB or a WF group. Differences in the total map area between groups were analyzed. Also, direct measurements of the burn representations were taken and compared with LB and WF results. The results of 100 samples, compared using Bland-Altman analysis, showed no difference between the two methods. WF was as accurate as LB mapping for all burn surface areas. WF may be additionally beneficial in that it can track daily progress until complete wound closure, and can automatically calculate burn size, thus decreasing the chances of mathematical errors.

Negative-pressure wound therapy: a hemostatic adjunct for control of coagulopathic hemorrhage in large soft tissue wounds.

BACKGROUND: Negative-pressure wound therapy has been commonly used for treating chronic wounds and recently applied for treatment of traumatic wounds. We investigated the potential hemostatic benefit of negative-pressure wound therapy for control of refractory hemorrhage in a soft tissue wound model in swine. METHODS: Coagulopathy was induced in pigs (n = 38, 36 kg) by hemodilution and hypothermia. Next, a large soft tissue wound (diameter, approximately 20 cm) was created by slicing the gluteus maximus muscle. Free bleeding was allowed for 1 minute, and wounds were then randomly dressed with either laparotomy gauze (G) alone or TraumaPad (TP, a kaolin-coated dressing) alone or in combination with negative pressure (NP, approximately -500 mm Hg). All wounds were sealed with adhesive drapes. Fluid resuscitation was administered and targeted to mean arterial pressure of 60 mm Hg. Pigs were observed for 150 minutes or until death after which tissues were sampled for histologic examination. RESULTS: Induced coagulopathy as measured by increases in prothrombin time (12%) and activated partial thromboplastin time (22%) and decreases in fibrinogen (48%) were similar in all groups. There were no differences in initial bleeding rates (4.5 mL/kg/min). Dressing the wounds with G or TP produced hemostasis only in one pig (1 of 18 pigs). Addition of NP to these dressings secured hemostasis in 70% (G) and 90% (TP) of animals with average hemostasis time of 34 minutes and 25 minutes, respectively. Blood losses and fluid resuscitation requirements were significantly less, and survival times were significantly longer in NP adjunct groups than in the other groups. Survival rates were 80% (G+NP) and 90% (TP+NP) versus 0% (G) and 10% (TP) in the respective groups. Histologic examination showed similar superficial myofibril damages in all groups. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, the present data provide the first evidence that NP serves as an effective hemostatic adjunct and when combined with standard hemostatic dressing it is able to stop lethal coagulopathic bleeding in large soft tissue wounds.

Use of ultra rapid opioid detoxification in the treatment of US military burn casualties.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this case series was to review the management of burn patients who requested ultrarapid opioid detoxification under anesthesia after extended duration of narcotic use for chronic pain related to burn injury. METHODS: The treatment plan of six opioid-dependent burn patients was analyzed to assess the effectiveness of our detoxification practice to date. Demographic and clinical information was used to characterize the patient population served: age, burn size, injury severity, duration of narcotic use before detoxification intervention, and length of hospitalization stay. Daily narcotic consumption, in morphine equivalent units, was noted both before and after detoxification. RESULTS: Six burn patients (average age, 31 years) underwent detoxification at the Burn Center during a hospitalization lasting between 1 day and 2 days. Average burn size was 38% total body surface area (range, 17-65); average Injury Severity Score was 30 (range, 25-38). Mean duration of narcotic use was 672 days (range, 239-1,156 days); average use of narcotics at time of detoxification was >200 units daily. Mean outpatient consumption for opioids after the intervention was minimal (<25 units/d). No complications were noted during any procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The results of ultrarapid opioid detoxification under anesthesia suggests that it is safe and effective for treating opioid addiction in military burn casualties when a coordinated, multidisciplinary approach is used. Safety and effectiveness to date validate current practice and supports incorporation into clinical practice guidelines. Further clinical research is warranted to identify those patients who may benefit most from detoxification and to determine the timing of such treatment.

Allergic contact dermatitis to mafenide acetate: a case series and review of the literature.

Burn patients with extensive involvement of body surface area (BSA >30%) represent a challenge in wound treatment. Multiple topical agents may be used for cleansing, barrier protection, and antimicrobial control leading to complications of contact and/or irritant dermatitis, which may further complicate re-epithelization and eventual wound healing. We present 4 patients who sustained extensive burns during Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom and later developed contact dermatitis to mafenide acetate, a common topical antimicrobial used in burn care treatment, also known as Sulfamylon (alpha-amino-p-toluenesulfonamide monoacetate). All patients who were patch tested to mafenide acetate 7% solution were positive. A rechallenge with mafenide acetate resulted in recrudescence of the eruption in 2 out of the 4 patients. Though cutaneous reactions to mafenide acetate were reported by Yaffe and Dressler in 1969, the most recent case reports are from 1995. This paper presents more recent examples of cutaneous reactions to mafenide acetate, while also reviewing the literature.