Queensland Trauma Education (QTE): an innovative simulation program that addresses the needs and barriers of interprofessional trauma care education across a complex landscape.

INTRODUCTION: Effective trauma care requires the rapid management of injuries. Rural and remote areas face inequity in trauma care due to time, distance and resource constraints, and experience higher morbidity and mortality rates than urban settings. A training needs analysis (TNA) conducted with stakeholders across Queensland, Australia, revealed a lack of contextual, accessible and interprofessional trauma education for clinicians. The Clinical Skills Development Service and Jamieson Trauma Institute developed the Queensland Trauma Education (QTE) program to address these concerns. QTE comprises a face-to-face training course and open access to online training resources created and reviewed by trauma experts. QTE also supports local training through a statewide simulation network and free access to simulation training equipment. The aim of this article is to review the QTE program and assess the benefits to clinicians in both the delivery of education and the provision of trauma care. METHODS: To evaluate the QTE program, a desktop review was conducted. This included analyses of website data, course and website content, and facilitator, stakeholder, participant and user feedback. The data were evaluated using the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) framework, and the program's alignment with the original TNA outcomes was assessed. RESULTS: The results showed that QTE aligns with the identified training needs. Specifically, QTE provides trauma education that is relevant, sustainable, employs best practice, is locally delivered, provides continuous support, is multidisciplinary, multi-platformed, physically accessible and accredited by the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine. The review also highlights how QTE has effectively been reaching its target population, improves knowledge and skills, has become widely adopted, and been implemented and maintained with relative success. CONCLUSION: The innovative QTE program addresses the previous deficits in trauma education and meets the needs identified in the TNA. The review also reveals further opportunities for continuous improvement and program sustainability.

Clavicle fixation to reduce short-term analgesia and improve respiratory function in patients with chest wall injuries.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to determine if operative fixation of clavicle fractures in patients with non-operatively treated ipsilateral rib fractures is associated with a lower overall analgesic requirement and improved respiratory function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective matched cohort study was conducted involving patients admitted to a single tertiary trauma centre having sustained a clavicle fracture with ipsilateral rib fracture/s between January 2014 and June 2020. Patients were excluded if brain, abdominal, pelvic, or lower limb trauma was identified. 31 patients with operative clavicle fixation (study group) were matched 1:1 to 31 patients with non-operative management of the clavicle fracture (control group) based on age, sex, number of rib fractures and injury severity score. The primary outcome was the number of analgesic types used, and the secondary outcome was respiratory function. RESULTS: The study group required a mean of 3.50 types of analgesia prior to surgery which decreased to 1.57 post-surgery. The control group required 2.92 types of analgesia, reducing to 1.65 after the date of surgery in the study group. A General Linear Mixed Model indicated that the intervention (operative vs. non-operative management) had statistically significant effects on the number of required analgesic types (p < 0.001, [Formula: see text] = 0.365), oxygen saturation (p = 0.001, [Formula: see text] = 0.341, 95% CI 0.153-0.529) and temporal decline in daily supplemental oxygen requirement (p < 0.001, [Formula: see text] = 0.626, 95% CI 0.455-0.756). CONCLUSION: This study supported the hypothesis that operative clavicle fixation reduces short-term in-patient analgesia use and improves respiratory parameters in patients with ipsilateral rib fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III therapeutic study.

Comparison of Low-Level to High-Level Disinfection in Eliminating Microorganisms From Ultrasound Transducers Used on Skin: A Noninferiority Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: There is a lack of international consensus as to whether high- or low-level disinfection (HLD or LLD) is required for ultrasound (US) transducers used during percutaneous procedures. This study compared the effectiveness of LLD to HLD on US transducers contaminated with microorganisms from skin. METHODS: Two identical linear US transducers repeatedly underwent either LLD or HLD during the study. Randomization determined which of these transducers was applied to left and right forearms of each participant. Swabs taken from transducers before and after reprocessing were plated then incubated for 4-5 days, after which colony forming units (CFU) were counted and identified. The primary hypothesis was the difference in the proportion of US transducers having no CFUs remaining after LLD and HLD would be less than or equal to the noninferiority margin of -5%. RESULTS: Of the 654 recruited participants 73% (n = 478) had microbial growth from both transducers applied to their left and right forearms before reprocessing. These were included in the paired noninferiority statistical analysis where, after disinfection, all CFUs were eliminated in 100% (95% CI: 99.4-100.0%) of HLD transducer samples (n = 478) and 99.0% (95% CI: 97.6-99.7%) of LLD transducer samples (n = 473). The paired difference in the proportion of transducers having all CFUs eliminated between LLD and HLD was -1.0% (95% CI: -2.4 to -0.2%, P-value <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Disinfection with LLD is noninferior to HLD when microorganisms from skin have contaminated the transducer. Therefore, using LLD for US transducers involved in percutaneous procedures would present no higher infection risk compared with HLD.

Improving difficult peripheral intravenous access requires thought, training and technology (DART3): a stepped-wedge, cluster randomised controlled trial protocol.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are the most used invasive medical device in healthcare. Yet around half of insertion attempts are unsuccessful leading to delayed medical treatments and patient discomfort of harm. Ultrasound-guided PIVC (USGPIVC) insertion is an evidence-based intervention shown to improve insertion success especially in patients with Difficult IntraVenous Access (BMC Health Serv Res 22:220, 2022), however the implementation in some healthcare settings remains suboptimal. This study aims to co-design interventions that optimise ultrasound guided PIVC insertion in patients with DIVA, implement and evaluate these initiatives and develop scale up activities. METHODS: A stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial will be conducted in three hospitals (two adult, one paediatric) in Queensland, Australia. The intervention will be rolled out across 12 distinct clusters (four per hospital). Intervention development will be guided by Michie's Behavior Change Wheel with the aim to increase local staff capability, opportunity, and motivation for appropriate, sustainable adoption of USGPIVC insertion. Eligible clusters include all wards or departments where > 10 PIVCs/week are typically inserted. All clusters will commence in the control (baseline) phase, then, one cluster per hospital will step up every two months, as feasible, to the implementation phase, where the intervention will be rolled out. Implementation strategies are tailored for each hospital by local investigators and advisory groups, through context assessments, staff surveys, and stakeholder interviews and informed by extensive consumer interviews and consultation. Outcome measures align with the RE-AIM framework including clinical-effectiveness outcomes (e.g., first-time PIVC insertion success for DIVA patients [primary outcome], number of insertion attempts); implementation outcomes (e.g., intervention fidelity, readiness assessment) and cost effectiveness outcomes. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research framework will be used to report the intervention as it was implemented; how people participated in and responded to the intervention; contextual influences and how the theory underpinning the intervention was realised and delivered at each site. A sustainability assessment will be undertaken at three- and six-months post intervention. DISCUSSION: Study findings will help define systematic solutions to implement DIVA identification and escalation tools aiming to address consumer dissatisfaction with current PIVC insertion practices. Such actionable knowledge is critical for implementation of scale-up activities. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Prospectively registered (Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; ACTRN12621001497897).

Automatic classification of distal radius fracture using a two-stage ensemble deep learning framework.

Distal radius fractures (DRFs) are one of the most common types of wrist fracture and can be subdivided into intra- and extra-articular fractures. Compared with extra-articular DRFs which spare the joint surface, intra-articular DRFs extend to the articular surface and can be more difficult to treat. Identification of articular involvement can provide valuable information about the characteristics of fracture patterns. In this study, a two-stage ensemble deep learning framework was proposed to differentiate intra- and extra-articular DRFs automatically on posteroanterior (PA) view wrist X-rays. The framework firstly detects the distal radius region of interest (ROI) using an ensemble model of YOLOv5 networks, which imitates the clinicians' search pattern of zooming in on relevant regions to assess abnormalities. Secondly, an ensemble model of EfficientNet-B3 networks classifies the fractures in the detected ROIs into intra- and extra-articular. The framework achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.82, an accuracy of 0.81, a true positive rate of 0.83 and a false positive rate of 0.27 (specificity of 0.73) for differentiating intra- from extra-articular DRFs. This study has demonstrated the potential in automatic DRF characterization using deep learning on clinically acquired wrist radiographs and can serve as a baseline for further research in incorporating multi-view information for fracture classification.

Prevalence of secondary insults and outcomes of patients with traumatic brain injury intubated in the prehospital setting: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Prehospital neuroprotective strategies aim to prevent secondary insults (SIs) in traumatic brain injury (TBI). This includes haemodynamic optimisation in addition to oxygenation and ventilation targets achieved through rapid sequence intubation (RSI).The primary aim was to report the incidence and prevalence of SIs (prolonged hypotension, prolonged hypoxia and hyperventilation) and outcomes of patients with TBI who were intubated in the prehospital setting. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of adult patients with TBI who underwent RSI by a metropolitan road-based service in South-East Queensland, Australia between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2020. Patients were divided into two cohorts based on the presence or absence of any SI sustained. Prolonged SIs were defined as occurring for ≥5 min. The association between SIs and mortality was examined in multivariable logistic regression and reported with adjusted ORs (aORs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS: 277 patients were included for analysis. Median 'Head' Abbreviated Injury Scale and Injury Severity Score were 4 (IQR: 3-5) and 26 (IQR: 17-34), respectively. Most episodes of prolonged hypotension and prolonged hypoxia were detected with the first patient contact on scene. Overall, 28-day mortality was 26%. Patients who sustained any SI had a higher mortality than those sustaining no SI (34.9% vs 14.7%, p<0.001). Prolonged hypoxia was an independent predictor of mortality (aOR 4.86 (95% CI 1.65 to 15.61)) but not prolonged hypotension (aOR 1.45 (95% CI 0.5 to 4.25)) or an end-tidal carbon dioxide <30 mm Hg on hospital arrival (aOR 1.28 (95% CI 0.5 to 3.21)). CONCLUSION: SIs were common in the early phase of prehospital care. The association of prolonged hypoxia and mortality in TBI is potentially more significant than previously recognised, and if corrected early, may improve outcomes. There may be a greater role for bystander intervention in prevention of early hypoxic insult in TBI.

Impact of time and distance on outcomes following tourniquet use in civilian and military settings: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: The last two decades have seen the reintroduction of tourniquets into guidelines for the management of acute limb trauma requiring hemorrhage control. Evidence supporting tourniquet application has demonstrated low complication rates in modern military settings involving rapid evacuation timeframes. It is unclear how these findings translate to patients who have prolonged transport times from injury in rural settings. This scoping review investigates the relationship between time and distance on metabolic complications, limb salvage and mortality following tourniquet use in civilian and military settings. METHODS: A systematic search strategy was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and SafetyLit databases. Study characteristics, setting, mechanism of injury, prehospital time, tourniquet time, distance, limb salvage, metabolic response, mortality, and tourniquet removal details were extracted from eligible studies. Descriptive statistics were recorded, and studies were grouped by ischemia time (< 2 h, 2-4 h, or > 4 h). RESULTS: The search identified 3103 studies, from which 86 studies were included in this scoping review. Of the 86 studies, 55 studies were primarily in civilian environments and 32 were based in military settings. One study included both settings. Blast injury was the most common mechanism of injury sustained by patients in military settings (72.8% [5968/8200]) followed by penetrating injury (23.5% [1926/8200]). In contrast, in civilian settings penetrating injury was the most common mechanism (47.7% [1633/3426]) followed by blunt injury (36.4% [1246/3426]). Tourniquet time was reported in 66/86 studies. Tourniquet time over four hours was associated with reduced limb salvage rates (57.1%) and higher mortality rates (7.1%) compared with a tourniquet time of less than two hours. The overall limb salvage and mortality rates were 69.6% and 6.7% respectively. Metabolic outcomes were reported in 28/86 studies with smaller sample sizes and inconsistencies in which parameters were reported. CONCLUSION: This scoping review presents literature describing comparatively safe tourniquet application when used for less than two hours duration. However, there is limited research describing prolonged tourniquet application or when used for protracted distances, such that the impact of tourniquet release time on metabolic outcomes and complications remains unclear. Prospective studies utilizing the development of an international database to provide this dataset is required.

Outcomes in traumatic cardiac arrest patients who underwent advanced life support.

OBJECTIVE: Survival following a traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) remains poor despite research focused on specific management and guideline adaptation. Previous research has identified factors including age, arresting rhythm, injury severity and distance from hospital to be associated with prehospital TCA outcomes. The present study aimed to review the local incidence of TCA to inform local practice within a mature trauma system. METHODS: A retrospective trauma database review from 2008 to 2021 was conducted at the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital. Patients were categorised by prehospital and in-hospital arrest, prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and year in relation to TCA management protocol changes. Descriptive comparative analysis was performed with the primary outcome of interest being survival to hospital discharge. RESULTS: Survival to hospital discharge was similar in patients in whom TCA occurred in the prehospital environment and hospital (24 vs 29%). Mechanism of injury, response to intervention and location of cardiac arrest were important outcome associations. Patients with a positive focused assessment with sonography in trauma scan were less likely to achieve ROSC but more likely to survive to discharge. The frequency of prehospital interventions remained similar after the guideline changes; with more patients arriving to the hospital with improved haemodynamic parameters and increased survival. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the identification and immediate management of TCA. No patients survived if they did not achieve ROSC by hospital arrival, questioning the role for aggressive management beyond the ED in this cohort. Future research will focus on the identification of patients with potentially positive survival outcomes and further define futile intervention factors.

Rib fractures in blunt chest trauma: factors that influence daily patient controlled opiate use during acute care.

BACKGROUND: Opiates are frequently used in the inpatient management of chest wall injury following blunt trauma. However, the daily sum of opiates used during acute care, and the impact that additional injuries or rib fracture displacement may have on daily opiate requirement is unknown. METHODS: A retrospective sample of 85 adult patients admitted to a tertiary trauma centre between April 2018 and October 2019 after a major chest wall injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale >2) and referral to Acute Pain Management Service was used in this study. Daily opiate usage was calculated each day for the first seven days following initial admission and converted to morphine milliequivalents (MME). Additional adjunct analgesia therapy was also recorded each day. The presence of rib fracture displacement and concurrent clavicle/scapular fractures was also noted. A comparison of the average daily MME for the various subgroups of interest was performed. RESULTS: The maximum average MME in patients with rib fractures typically occurs at day 2 post injury and admission, with the highest day 2 average MME being in the Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) and ketamine subgroup. Presence of rib displacement delayed the onset of maximal MME to day 3 and resulted in higher average MME over the total seven days. Patients with concurrent clavicle or scapular fractures also had higher average MME each day, regardless of the addition of a regional block. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated the daily opioid requirement is maximal on day 2 post-admission following isolated major chest wall injury. The addition of a regional block resulted in a reduction of the average MME used each day over the first seven days post-admission, compared to ketamine when added to PCA. The presence of displaced rib fractures or clavicle/scapular fractures increased the MME used each day, changed the day of peak consumption and increased the average daily opioid requirement during acute hospitalisation.

Vascular injury is an infrequent finding following non-fatal strangulation in two Australian trauma centres.

OBJECTIVE: Non-fatal strangulation assessment is challenging for clinicians as clear guidelines for evaluation are limited. The prevalence of non-fatal strangulation events, clinical findings, frequency of injury on computed tomography angiogram (CTA) and outcomes across two trauma centres will be used to improve this assessment process. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study of adult presentations during 2-year period to two major-trauma referral hospitals and subsequent 12 months to identify delayed vascular injury. Patients included using standardised search terms. Demographic data, clinical findings, radiological reports and outcomes were included for review. RESULTS: A total of 425 patients were included for analysis. Self-inflicted injury comprised 62.1%, with domestic violence (28.5%) and assault (9.4%) the remainder. Manual strangulation events 36.7% of overall presentations and 63.3% following ligature strangulation (ligature strangulation, incomplete and complete hanging). On examination soft signs present in 133 (31.2%) cases, commonly neck tenderness in isolation. No hard signs suggesting vascular damage. Vascular injury was demonstrated in three cases (0.7% of the total cohort and 1.5% of CTA scans completed), and all occurred in ligature strangulation events as a result of hanging. No patients had delayed vascular injury in the 12-month period post-initial presentation. CONCLUSIONS: In non-fatal strangulation presentations, the majority have subtle signs of neck injury on examination with inconsistent documentation of findings. Low rate of vascular injury overall (0.7%), and entirely in hanging events. No longer-term vascular sequalae identified. Improving documentation focusing on hypoxic insult and evidence of airway trauma is warranted, rather than a reliance on computed tomography imaging to delineate a traumatic event in non-fatal strangulation.

Trauma Tertiary Survey: Trauma Service Medical Officers and Trauma Nurses Detect Similar Rates of Missed Injuries.

BACKGROUND: Trauma tertiary surveys (TTSs) can improve patient outcomes by identifying missed injuries following initial trauma reception and resuscitation. Most TTSs are conducted by medical officers despite the multidisciplinary team approach of modern trauma care. OBJECTIVE: The study aim was to assess the accuracy of detecting missed injuries when the TTS was performed by specialist trauma nursing staff, rather than trauma service medical officers (TSMOs). METHODS: A prospective, convenience sample of adult trauma patients admitted to a tertiary trauma center and attended by the trauma service between October 2015 and August 2018 was obtained. For this sample, a TTS was completed by both the TSMO and the trauma nurse (TN). The number of radiological investigations ordered and missed injuries identified were compared between the two clinicians. Additional injuries were graded using the Clavien-Dindo system. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 165 patients with a dual TTS, for which at least one team member requested 35 additional radiological investigations. There was fair agreement (κ = 0.36) between the TN and the TSMO in requesting additional radiological investigations. Ten missed injuries were identified by TN-initiated review (n = 24), and 4 missed injuries were identified by TSMO-initiated review (n = 21). Injuries identified following TTSs ranged in severity grading from 0 to 3. CONCLUSIONS: Performance of the TN on the TTS in the identification of missed injuries is similar to that of the TSMO. Trauma nurses use an appropriate and rationalized approach to ordering additional radiological investigations and contribute a valuable addition to trauma patient care.

A Prospective Before and After Study of Droperidol for Prehospital Acute Behavioral Disturbance.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Acute behavioral disturbance is a common problem for emergency medical services. We aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of droperidol compared to midazolam in the prehospital setting. METHODS: This was a prospective before and after study comparing droperidol to midazolam for prehospital acute behavioral disturbance, when the state ambulance service changed medications. The primary outcome was the proportion of adverse effects (airway intervention, oxygen saturation < 90%, respiratory rate < 12, systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg, sedation assessment tool score -3 and dystonic reactions) in patients receiving sedation. Secondary outcomes included time to sedation, requirement for additional sedation, staff and patient injuries, and prehospital time. RESULTS: There were 141 patients administered midazolam and 149 patients administered droperidol in the study. Alcohol was the most common cause of acute behavioral disturbance. Fewer patient adverse events occurred with droperidol (11/149) compared to midazolam (33/141) (7% vs. 23%; absolute difference 16%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8% to 24%; p = 0.0001). Median time to sedation was 22 min (interquartile range [IQR]:18 to 35 min) for droperidol compared to 30 min (IQR:20 to 45 min) for midazolam. Additional prehospital sedation was required in 6/149 (4%) droperidol patients and 20/141 (14%) midazolam patients, and 11 (7%) droperidol and 59 (42%) midazolam patients required further sedation in the emergency department. There were no differences in patient or staff injuries, or prehospital time. CONCLUSIONS: The use of droperidol for acute behavioral disturbance in the prehospital setting is associated with fewer adverse events, a shorter time to sedation, and fewer requirements for additional sedation.

Depressive symptomatology in young people with Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome-- a comparison of self-report scales.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined depressive symptomatology in children and adolescents with Tourette Syndrome (TS) using standardised measures and none have compared different self-report scales in the context of TS. METHODS: Seventy-two consecutive young people attending a TS clinic were evaluated using standardised rating scales for TS and associated behaviours, severity and psychopathology. All the patients completed the Birleson Depression Self Report Scale (BDSRS) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). RESULTS: A strong correlation was noted between BDSRS and CDI. Depression scores were also noted to correlate with Obsessive Compulsive Behaviours (OCB) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Other correlates of depressive symptomatology included current severity of TS as indicated by Yale Global Tic Severity Rating Scale (YGTSS) and the lifetime cumulative severity as evidenced by scores on the Diagnostic Confidence Index (DCI). LIMITATIONS: The study was undertaken in a tertiary referral specialized clinic for TS thus limiting the generalizability of the findings, and the study did not include any control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide support for the need and usefulness of both BDSRS and CDI as screening tools for depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with TS. Furthermore, the findings suggest the possibility of a complex inter-relationship between TS severity, comorbid OCB and ADHD as well as the occurrence of depression.