Mapping cerebellar abiotrophy in Australian Kelpies.

An autosomal recessive form of cerebellar abiotrophy occurs in Australian Kelpie dogs. Clinical signs range from mild ataxia with intention tremor to severe ataxia with seizures. A whole-genome mapping analysis was performed using Affymetrix Canine SNP array v2 on 11 affected and 19 control dogs, but there was no significant association with disease. A homozygosity analysis identified a three megabase region likely to contain the disease mutation. The region spans 29.8-33 Mb on chromosome 3, for which all affected dogs were homozygous for a common haplotype. Microsatellite markers were developed in the candidate region for linkage analysis that resulted in a logarithm of odds score suggestive of linkage. The candidate region contains 29 genes, none of which are known to cause ataxia.

Synthetic inhibitors of the processing of pretransfer RNA by the ribonuclease P ribozyme: enzyme inhibitors which act by binding to substrate.

2,2'-p-Phenylene bis[6-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)]benzimidazole, 2,2'-bis(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,6'-bis benzimidazole, and 2,2'-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6,6'-bis benzimidazole are shown by UV-visible and fluorescence spectrophotometry to be strong ligands for tRNA, giving simple, hyperbolic binding isotherms with apparent dissociation constants in the micromolar range. Hydroxyl radical footprinting indicates that they may bind in the D and T loops. On the basis of this tRNA recognition as a rationale, they were tested as inhibitors of the processing of precursor tRNAs by the RNA subunit of Escherichia coli RNase P (M1 RNA). Preliminary studies show that inhibition of the processing of Drosophila tRNA precursor molecules by phosphodiester bond cleavage, releasing the extraneous 5'-portion of RNA and the mature tRNA molecule, was dependent on both the structure of the inhibitor and the structure of the particular tRNA precursor substrate for tRNA(Ala), tRNA(Val), and tRNA(His). In more detailed followup using the tRNA(His) precursor as the substrate, experiments to determine the concentration dependence of the reaction showed that inhibition took time to reach its maximum extent. I(50) values (concentrations for 50% inhibition) were between 5.3 and 20.8 microM, making these compounds among the strongest known inhibitors of this ribozyme, and the first inhibitors of it not based on natural products. These compounds effect their inhibition by binding to the substrate of the enzyme reaction, making them examples of an unusual class of enzyme inhibitors. They provide novel, small-molecule, inhibitor frameworks for this endoribonuclease ribozyme.

A genome scan in families from Australia and New Zealand confirms the presence of a maternal susceptibility locus for pre-eclampsia, on chromosome 2.

Epidemiological studies have shown that genetic factors contribute to the etiology of the common and serious pregnancy-specific disorder pre-eclampsia (PE)/eclampsia (E). Candidate-gene studies have provided evidence (albeit controversial) of linkage to several genes, including angiotensinogen on 1q42-43 and eNOS on 7q36. A recent medium-density genome scan in Icelandic families identified significant linkage to D2S286 (at 94.05 cM) on chromosome 2p12 and suggestive linkage to D2S321 (at 157.5 cM) on chromosome 2q23. In the present article, the authors report the results of a medium-density genome scan in 34 families, representing 121 affected women, from Australia and New Zealand. Multipoint nonparametric linkage analysis, using the GENEHUNTER-PLUS program, showed suggestive evidence of linkage to chromosome 2 (LOD=2.58), at 144.7 cM, between D2S112 and D2S151, and to chromosome 11q23-24, between D11S925 and D11S4151 (LOD=2.02 at 121.3 cM). Given the limited precision of estimates of the map location of disease-predisposing loci for complex traits, the present finding on chromosome 2 is consistent with the finding from the Icelandic study, and it may represent evidence of the same locus segregating in the population from Australia and New Zealand. The authors propose that the PE/E-linked locus on chromosome 2p should be designated the "PREG1" (pre-eclampsia, eclampsia gene 1) locus.

The eNOS gene: a candidate for the preeclampsia susceptibility locus?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene as a candidate for susceptibility to preeclampsia. METHODS: Twenty-six Australian families containing 11 eclamptics, 59 severe preeclamptics, and 27 mild preeclamptics were used to test for linkage between the eNOS gene region and preeclampsia. Two microsatellite markers (D7S483 and D7S505) in the proximity of the eNOS gene were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Logarithm of odds (LOD) scores were used to examine the cosegregation of alleles with the disease under a variety of inheritance models. Model-independent analysis, affected pedigree member method (AFFPED), and pairwise haplotype sharing between affected sibs were also used. RESULTS: Two-point LOD score analysis gave no evidence of linkage between preeclampsia and two markers in close proximity to the eNOS gene (LOD scores < 1) for any of the inheritance models investigated, with no evidence of heterogeneity between pedigrees. The AFFPED and the pairwise haplotype sharing test on affected sibs also gave no evidence of linkage (p-values > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study provides no evidence for linkage between two markers in close proximity to the eNOS gene and preeclampsia in these families. These results do not support the recent suggestion that eNOS could be a familial pregnancy-induced hypertension gene (Arngrimsson R, et al., Am J Hum Genet 1997;61:354-62). Distinguishing preeclampsia from other hypertensive disorders in pregnancy is difficult. Hypertension appears to be a consequence, rather than a primary cause of preeclampsia. Given the vasodilatory role of the eNOS gene product, it is possible that the linkage recently reported for eNOS reflects its relationship with hypertension rather than preeclampsia.

Microsatellite variation in the Australian dingo.

The dingo is thought to have arrived in Australia from Asia about 5,000 years ago. It is currently in danger because of interbreeding with domestic dogs. Several morphological, behavioral, and reproductive characteristics distinguish dingoes from domestic dog. Skull morphometrics are currently used to try to classify wild canids as pure dingo, dog, or hybrid. Molecular techniques based on diagnostic DNA differences between dogs and dingoes would make a much more reliable and practical test. A small number of markers (about 10) would allow detection of animals with domestic dog in their ancestry several generations back. We have typed 16 dingoes and 16 dogs of mixed breed for 14 microsatellites. The amount of variation in the Australian dingo is much less than in domestic dogs. The size distributions of microsatellites in the two groups usually overlap. The number of alleles in the dingo is much smaller in all cases. One dinucleotide repeat locus shows a size difference of 1 bp in allele classes between dog and dingo. This locus may be diagnostic for dog or dingo ancestry. The differences in distributions of alleles at other loci can also be used to classify animals using a likelihood method.

Genetic susceptibility to pre-eclampsia and chromosome 7q36.

Pre-eclampsia is the most common serious medical disorder of human pregnancy. The human endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene is a candidate for pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (PE/E) susceptibility. A linkage study was performed on Australian PE/E families using 25 microsatellite markers from chromosome 7, one of which (eNOS-CA) resides within the eNOS gene. No significant linkage was found for the eNOS-CA marker using either parametric or non-parametric analysis. However, D7S 1805 from the eNOS gene region on 7q36, gave a suggestion of linkage using parametric analysis (maximum LOD score =2.143 at theta=0.14) and non-parametric APM analysis (T1/sqrt(p)=3.53; P=0.002). Further, an association study was performed on unrelated PE/E cases and controls from both Chinese and Australian populations to test for a relationship between the eNOS gene and PE/E. No association was found between the eNOS-CA marker and PE/E in either population. However, there was a significant difference in the allelic distribution of eNOS-CA between the two ethnic groups. The linkage results support the possibility that a susceptibility locus for pre-eclampsia resides in the 7q36 region, however, there is no definitive evidence to support the notion that the eNOS gene itself is responsible for susceptibility to pre-eclampsia.

Genetic markers linked to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in English setter dogs.

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are a group of fatal autosomal recessive neurodegenerative diseases occurring in human and some domesticated animal species. A canine form of the disease (CNCL) has been extensively studied in a Norwegian colony of inbred English setters since 1960. A resource family developed for genetic mapping and comprising 170 individuals was typed for 103 genetic markers. Linkage analysis showed three genetic markers to be linked to the disease locus with the closest marker at a distance of about 3 CM. Two other loci were linked with these markers making a linkage group of five genetic markers. The linkage group spanned a distance of 54 CM. Two genes for human forms of the disease, CLN2 and CLN3, have been identified and mapped to human chromosome 11p15 and 16p12, respectively. The present study did not indicate any linkage between CNCL and the canine CLN3 homologue or to homologues of markers for genes that map close to human CLN2.

Angiotensinogen gene variation in a population case-control study of preeclampsia/eclampsia in Australians and Chinese.

Preeclampsia/eclampsia (PE/E) is a common disease of human pregnancy with a strong genetic component. The etiology of PE/E is unknown. Two recent reports indicated that the angiotensinogen gene (AGT) could be involved in susceptibility to PE/E. We performed a population-based case-control study in Australian and Chinese populations to investigate whether AGT is a good candidate gene for PE/E. A microsatellite polymorphism within AGT was typed as well as a molecular variant T235 (Met-->Thr) of AGT using allele-specific PCR and allele-induced restriction site PCR. The allele distributions of the microsatellite and the variant T235 of AGT were significantly different between the two ethnic groups. However, no significant allele associations were found with disease when comparing PE/E patients and controls in Australian or Chinese populations, which is in contrast to the two earlier reports. The results suggest that the contribution of AGT to the occurrence of PE/E is small, if anything, and is not constant across populations.

A universal procedure for primer labelling of amplicons.

Detection and visualisation of nucleic acids is integral to genome analyses. Exponential amplification procedures have provided the means for the manipulation of nucleic acid sequences, which were otherwise inaccessible. We describe the development and application of a universal method for the labelling of any PCR product using a single end-labelled primer. Amplification was performed in a single reaction with the resulting amplicon labelled to a high specific activity. The method was adapted to a wide range of PCRs and significantly reduced the expense of such analyses.

A genomewide linkage study of preeclampsia/eclampsia reveals evidence for a candidate region on 4q.

Preeclampsia (PE) and eclampsia (E) are potentially life-threatening conditions that can occur during human pregnancy. Generally considered to be different degrees of severity of the same disease process, the PE/E syndrome is thought to be predominantly genetic in origin, although its exact etiology and genetics are not fully understood. Here we report results of a genomewide linkage search for the gene(s) responsible for susceptibility to PE/E, using 15 informative pedigrees and 90 polymorphic DNA markers from all autosomes. Because of uncertainties concerning inheritance and diagnosis, four different models that assume maternal gene expression have been used to carry out LOD-score analysis. The region between D4S450 and D4S610 (2.8 cM) on the long arm of chromosome 4 was identified as a strong candidate region for a PE/E-susceptibility locus. The maximum multipoint LOD score within this interval was 2.9. Analysis of markers in the region around D4S450 and D4S610 by the affected-pedigree-member method also supported the possibility of a susceptibility locus in this region. However, to verify or exclude definitively linkage to this region, other groups of PE/E pedigrees will be required.

DNA amplification variation within cultivars of turf-type Couch grasses (Cynodon spp.).

Arbitrary primed polymorphic DNA was employed to investigate relationships among 18 Cynodon cultivars available in Australia. Thirteen out of the 20 random primers screened gave reproducible banding patterns for all samples. The cultivars showed a high level of polymorphism. Each cultivar was readily distinguishable with a combination of primers. One primer was able to discriminate between all the cultivars except Tifdwarf and its `off-type' sample. The Cynodon grasses used in this study separated into two distinct groups based on a distance matrix calculated from the DNA amplification data. The results clearly demonstrate a methodology based on arbitrary primed DNA amplification can be used to identify and fingerprint Cynodon cultivars.

HLA-G deletion polymorphism and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a HLA-G deletion polymorphism in pre-eclamptic pedigrees and the general population. DESIGN: A population association study of HLA-G genotypes from pre-eclamptic/eclamptic patients and control groups. SETTING: Analyses undertaken in the School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University. Patients were from Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, and controls were from Westmead Hospital and Macquarie University, Sydney. SUBJECTS: One hundred and ninety-six individuals, consisting of 29 pre-eclamptic/eclamptic (PE/E) patients, 13 individuals born of a PE/E pregnancy, 46 blood relatives of PE/E patients, 21 husbands of PE/E patients, 25 women normotensive in first pregnancy, 15 husbands of women normotensive in first pregnancy and 47 staff and students of Macquarie University. RESULTS: Genotypic and gene frequencies were not significantly different in the seven groups examined. CONCLUSION: There is no detectable relationship between susceptibility to pre-eclampsia or being born of a pre-eclamptic pregnancy and HLA-G genotype.

Strong associations between RFLP and protein polymorphisms for CD46.

Human CD46 (membrane cofactor protein) is a cell surface glycoprotein with cofactor activity for the factor I mediated cleavage of components C3b and C4b. Using a CD46 cDNA clone, three restriction enzymes give simple two allele restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in samples of over 300 Caucasians. For Pvu II, P1 with a 16.5 kilobase (kb) fragment and P2 with 14.8 kb + 1.9 kb fragments have frequencies of .40 and .60. For Hin dIII, H1 with a 4.3 kb fragment and H2 with a 2.3 kb fragment have similar frequencies. For Bgl. II, B1 with a 10 kb fragment and B2 with 8.3 kb + 1.8 kb fragments have frequencies of 0.08 and 0.92. There is strong linkage disequilibrium between these polymorphic sites. Designating haplotypes by Hin dIII, Pvu II, Bgl II alleles, there are two common haplotypes P2, H2, B2 and P1, H1, B2, expected at frequencies of .6 and .32, one less common haplotype P1, H1, B1 expected at a frequency .08. The two major protein isoforms of CD46, as detected on peripheral blood lymphocytes by western blot, of Mr 66,000 (alpha) and 56,000 (beta) are determined by differential splicing in production of the mRNA. A strong association between protein isoform and RFLP haplotypes in 30 unrelated subjects suggests that the splicing preference site is in linkage disequilibrium with the RFLPs. The results are consistent with haplotypes P2, H2, B2 and P1, H1, B1 producing predominantly alpha; P1, H1, B2 producing predominantly beta in about 72% of cases and alpha in 28% of cases.

Absence of close linkage between maternal genes for susceptibility to pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and HLA DR beta.

To test the possibility that maternally expressed susceptibility genes for pre-eclampsia/eclampsia are closely linked to the HLA region on chromosome 6 of the human genome, members of ten pedigrees with multiple cases of these disorders were typed for HLA DR beta restriction fragment length polymorphisms by means of TaqI digests. The data were analysed by the LIPED program to calculate lod scores, by several programs to detect potential heterogeneity of recombination fraction between pedigrees, and by the affected-sibling and the affected-pedigree-member methods. The results exclude close linkage. If the putative susceptibility genes lie on chromosome 6 they must lie at least 5 centiMorgans, and probably more, from the HLA DR beta loci. No indication of linkage at higher recombination fractions was found. The main maternally expressed genes affecting susceptibility to pre-eclampsia are not in the HLA region.

Heterogeneity of steroid 21-hydroxylase genes in classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Careful genotyping of three families, each having a member with classical salt-losing steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency, has allowed identification of carrier haplotypes. Digestion with TaqI or EcoRI and probing with a cDNA probe for the 21-hydroxylase genes (pC21/3c) revealed that all six affected haplotypes are abnormal with at least EcoRI. The data suggest that there is extreme polymorphism of the 21-hydroxylase genes and that dysfunction may result from several different abnormalities.