Respostas cardiorrespiratórias do teste de sentar e levantar em indivíduos pré e pós-cirurgia cardíaca: corte transversal / Cardiopulmonary responses of the sit-to-stand test in individuals pre and post-heart surgery: cross section

| INTRODUÇÃO: As repercussões cardiorrespiratórias da cirurgia cardíaca podem ser avaliadas por teste submáximo. OBJETIVO: comparar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias do teste de sentar e levantar em um minuto (TSL1) nos indivíduos, entre o momento pré e pós de cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Estudo de caráter transversal e analítico, incluiu 45 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, estáveis hemodinamicamente, com fração de ejeção maior que 45%, que foram submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio no Instituto do Coração de um Hospital do interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre 2018 e 2019. As variáveis de desfechos foram coletadas no repouso e ao final do teste, um dia antes da cirurgia e no pós-operatório: pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica (PAS e PAD em mmHg), frequência cardíaca (FC bpm), frequência respiratória (FR rpm), saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2 %), fadiga de membros inferiores (Fmm 0-10) e dispneia (Di 0-10), número de repetições e interrupções do teste. Foi utilizado o programa R para o tratamento dos dados, para avaliar a normalidade foi aplicado o teste de Shapiro Wilk, a comparação dos grupos pelo teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: A maioria do sexo masculino (71%) e média de idade foi de 61± 9 anos. No pré-operatório, ocorreu aumento entre o repouso e o final do teste, PAS, FC, FR, Fmm e Di (p<0,05). No pós-operatório, houve aumento entre o repouso e o final do teste, para FC, FR, Fmm e Di (P<0,05), contudo, sem elevação da PAS. Ao comparar as variáveis entre os momentos pré e pós, observamos maiores valores da FC, FR e número de interrupções na condição pós (p<0,05), bem como menores valores para a PAS, SpO2 e número de repetições (p<0,05) para essa condição. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados desta pesquisa comprovam que o TSL1 realizado no pré-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, assim como entre o 4° ou 5° dia de pós-cirurgia cardíaca, é seguro e eficaz, representado pela ausência das repercussões cardiorrespiratórias que comprometessem ou agravassem o quadro clínico do paciente. O TSL1 foi capaz de induzir respostas cardiorrespiratórias fisiológicas no pré-operatório; contudo, na condição pós acarretou respostas cardiorrespiratórias mais elevadas no repouso e atenuada resposta em exercício em comparação ao pré-operatório.

INTRODUCTION: The cardiorespiratory repercussions of heart surgery can be assessed through submaximal testing. OBJECTIVE: Compare cardiorespiratory responses to the one-minute sit-and-stand test in individuals pre- and post-heart surgery. METHODS: An analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted involving 45 hemodynamically stable male and female patients with an ejection fraction greater than 45% submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery at a cardiology service of a hospital in the interior of the state of REDACTED between 2018 and 2019. The following variables were collected at rest and the end of the test one day before surgery and postoperatively: systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, mmHg), heart rate (HR, bpm), respiratory rate (RR, rpm), peripheral saturation oxygen (SpO2, %), lower limb fatigue (LLF, 0-10), dyspnea (0-10), number of test repetitions and number of interruptions. The R program was used to process the data. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used for the determination of normality. The groups were compared using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: Most participants were male (71%), and the mean age was 61±9 years. In the preoperative period, statistically significant increases (p≤0.05) were found for SBP, HR, RR, LLF, and dyspnea between resting values and the end of the test. Significant increases (p≤0.05) were found in the postoperative period for HR, RR, LLF, and dyspnea between rest and the end of the test, with no increase in SBP. Comparing the preoperative and postoperative evaluations variables, higher HR, RR, the number of interruptions and lower SBP, SpO2, and the number of repetitions were found after surgery (p≤0.05). CONCLUSION: The one-minute sit-to-stand test induced physiological cardiorespiratory responses in the preoperative evaluation. However, higher cardiorespiratory responses at rest and an attenuated response to exercise were found in the postoperative evaluation compared to the preoperative evaluation.

Physical Exercise Combined With CPAP in Subjects Who Underwent Surgical Myocardial Revascularization: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise and CPAP benefit patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. To our knowledge, the association of aerobic exercise on an exercise bicycle with CPAP has not yet been demonstrated. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of physical exercise on a cycle ergometer combined with CPAP in the postoperative period after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. METHODS: This was a randomized clinical trial, with recruitment from May 2017 to December 2017 (registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry: RBR-69CDYF). The step group (n = 16 subjects) started rehabilitation in the immediate postoperative period with breathing exercises and passive mobilization in the sitting position, progressing to active exercises, ambulation, and stair training. For the intervention group (n = 15 subjects), dynamic exercises on a cycle ergometer combined with CPAP were added to the step program from the second to the fourth postoperative day in a single daily session. RESULTS: Functional capacity decreased in both groups, but this reduction was not significant in the intervention group (P = .11). The length of stay in ICU was lower in the intervention group (P = .050). In both groups there was a decrease in maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure, as well as in the 1-min sit-to-stand test on the fourth postoperative day compared to the preoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: Physical exercise combined with CPAP promoted the maintenance of functional capacity and reduced the length of stay in the ICU.

Preoperative expiratory and inspiratory muscle weakness to predict postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated preoperative respiratory muscle strength as a risk factor for postoperative morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of preoperative inspiratory muscle weakness (IMW) and preoperative expiratory muscle weakness (EMW) with duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), and mortality in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective observational study. Patients admitted for elective cardiac surgery were recruited. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure were measured before surgery. A multivariate regression model was used to adjust for possible confounding variables and test the association of IMW and EMW with the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay in the ICU, PPCs, and hospital mortality. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-five patients were included in this study. The presence of IMW was associated with an increase in the duration of mechanical ventilation (P = .012). The presence of EMW was associated with a reduction in the incidence of PPCs (P = .005). IMW had no significant association with length of stay in the ICU, PPCs, or hospital mortality. EMW had no significant association with the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay in the ICU, or hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery, preoperative IMW is associated with the duration of mechanical ventilation while preoperative EMW is associated with a decrease in PPCs.

Aspectos clínico-demográficos de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca eletiva / Clinical-demographic aspects of patients to cardiac surgery elective / Aspectos clínicos demográficos de pacientes sometidos a la cirugia cardíaca electiva

Objetivo: caracterizar os aspectos clínico-demográficos de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Método: estudo transversal, com 219 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca, sendo 140 cirurgias de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) e 79 cirurgias de troca valvar aórtica, mitral ou pulmonar (TValvar) entre julho de 2010 e dezembro de 2014. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir da análise de prontuários. Resultados: os fatores de risco cardiovasculares mais prevalentes foram HAS, tabagismo no passado e histórico familiar de DAC, sendo mais significativo no procedimento de CRM. Os pacientes se encontram em pré-obesidade com elevado risco coronariano. A duração média da cirurgia foi de 3 horas e meia e o tempo de internação hospitalar de 6 dias. As complicações pós-operatórias mais frequentes foram respiratórias e hemodinâmicas, com maior incidência na CRM. Conclusão: foi possível caracterizar os aspectos clínico-demográficos dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia eletiva.(AU)

Objective: to characterize the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Method: cross-sectional study with 219 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and 140 surgeries of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and 79 surgical aortic valve replacement, mitral or pulmonary (TValvar) between July 2010 and December 2014. Data collection was from the analysis of medical records. Results: the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors were hypertension, smoking in the past and family history of CAD, being more significant in CABG procedure. Patients are in pre-obesity with high coronary risk. The mean duration of surgery was 3 and a half hours and the length of hospital stay of 6 days. The most frequent postoperative complications were respiratory and hemodynamic, focusing on CABG. Conclusion: it was possible to characterize the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients undergoing elective surgery.(AU)

Objetivo: caracterizar los aspectos clínico-demográficos de pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardíaca. Método: estudio transversal, con 219 pacientes sometidos a la cirugía cardíaca, siendo 140 cirugías de revascularización del miocardio (CRM) y 79 cirugías de cambio de la válvula aórtica, mitral o pulmonar (TValvar) entre julio de 2010 y diciembre de 2014. La recolección de datos fue realizada a partir del análisis de prontuarios. Resultados: los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares más prevalentes fueron HAS, tabaquismo en el pasado e histórico familiar de DAC, siendo más significativo en el procedimiento de CRM. Los pacientes se encuentran en pre-obesidad con elevado riesgo coronario. La duración media de la cirugía fue de 3 horas y media y el tiempo de internación hospitalario de 6 días. Las complicaciones post-operatorias más frecuentes fueron respiratorias y hemodinámicas, con mayor incidencia en la CRM. Conclusión: fue posible caracterizar los aspectos clínico-demográficos de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía electiva.(AU)

Analysis of steps adapted protocol in cardiac rehabilitation in the hospital phase.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze a cardiac rehabilitation adapted protocol in physical therapy during the postoperative hospital phase of cardiac surgery in a service of high complexity, in aspects regarded to complications and mortality prevalence and hospitalization days. METHODS: This is an observational cross-sectional, retrospective and analytical study performed by investigating 99 patients who underwent cardiac surgery for coronary artery bypass graft, heart valve replacement or a combination of both. Step program adapted for rehabilitation after cardiac surgery was analyzed under the command of the physiotherapy professional team. RESULTS: In average, a patient stays for two days in the Intensive Care Unit and three to four days in the hospital room, totalizing six days of hospitalization. Fatalities occurred in a higher percentage during hospitalization (5.1%) and up to two years period (8.6%) when compared to 30 days after hospital discharge (1.1%). Among the postoperative complications, the hemodynamic (63.4%) and respiratory (42.6%) were the most prevalent. 36-42% of complications occurred between the immediate postoperative period and the second postoperative day. The hospital discharge started from the fifth postoperative day. We can observe that in each following day, the patients are evolving in achieving the Steps, where Step 3 was the most used during the rehabilitation phase I. CONCLUSION: This evolution program by steps can to guide the physical rehabilitation at the hospital in patients after cardiac surgery.

Analysis of steps adapted protocol in cardiac rehabilitation in the hospital phase / Análise do protocolo adaptado de steps na reabilitação cardíaca na fase hospitalar

Objective: To analyze a cardiac rehabilitation adapted protocol in physical therapy during the postoperative hospital phase of cardiac surgery in a service of high complexity, in aspects regarded to complications and mortality prevalence and hospitalization days. Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional, retrospective and analytical study performed by investigating 99 patients who underwent cardiac surgery for coronary artery bypass graft, heart valve replacement or a combination of both. Step program adapted for rehabilitation after cardiac surgery was analyzed under the command of the physiotherapy professional team. Results: In average, a patient stays for two days in the Intensive Care Unit and three to four days in the hospital room, totalizing six days of hospitalization. Fatalities occurred in a higher percentage during hospitalization (5.1%) and up to two years period (8.6%) when compared to 30 days after hospital discharge (1.1%). Among the postoperative complications, the hemodynamic (63.4%) and respiratory (42.6%) were the most prevalent. 36-42% of complications occurred between the immediate postoperative period and the second postoperative day. The hospital discharge started from the fifth postoperative day. We can observe that in each following day, the patients are evolving in achieving the Steps, where Step 3 was the most used during the rehabilitation phase I. Conclusion: This evolution program by steps can to guide the physical rehabilitation at the hospital in patients after cardiac surgery. .

Objetivo: Analisar o protocolo adaptado de reabilitação cardíaca na fisioterapia durante a fase hospitalar pós-operatória de cirurgia cardíaca em um serviço de alta complexidade, nos aspectos complicações e prevalência de mortalidade e dias de internação. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal, retrospectivo, analítico. Realizado por meio da investigação de 99 prontuários de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca de revascularização do miocárdio, troca de valva cardíaca ou associadas. Foi analisado um programa de step adaptado para reabilitação pós-operatória de cirurgia cardíaca executado pela equipe de Fisioterapia. Resultados: Em média, o paciente permanece dois dias na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e de três a quatro dias no quarto, ficando, em média, seis dias internado no hospital. O óbito ocorreu em maior percentual no período hospitalar (5,1%) e até dois anos (8,6%) quando comparado ao período de 30 dias pós-alta hospitalar (1,1%). Dentre as complicações no pós-operatório, as hemodinâmicas (63,4%) e respiratórias (42,6%) foram as mais predominantes. De 36% a 42% das complicações ocorreram entre o pós-operatório imediato e o segundo dia pós-operatório. A alta hospitalar teve início a partir do quinto dia pós-operatório. Podemos observar que, com o passar dos dias, os pacientes vão evoluindo na realização dos steps, sendo que o mais utilizado durante a reabilitação na fase I foi o Step 3. Conclusão: Este programa de evolução por steps pode nortear a reabilitação fisioterapêutica nos pacientes no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca na fase hospitalar. .