ABSTRACT
This paper describes a review of the practices related to the performance of catheterisation for obtaining residual volume of urine by mothers of children with spina bifida. Mothers of children, up to five years of age and attending an outpatient Specialist Clinic were requested to perform catheterisation once a month to obtain urine residuals. The procedure for catheterisation was taught to mothers in the Outpatient's Clinic. A review of clinical practice resulted in discontinuation of this procedure. Mothers (n = 16) reported varied reasons for feeling relieved that the procedure was discontinued.
Subject(s)
Clinical Competence/standards , Home Nursing/education , Home Nursing/methods , Mothers/education , Spinal Dysraphism/nursing , Urinary Catheterization/methods , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Infection Control/methods , Male , Mothers/psychology , Urinary Catheterization/adverse effects , Urinary Tract Infections/etiologyABSTRACT
The electrodeposition of chrome black selective surfaces on polished metal substrates has been studied by measuring the properties of samples as a function of plating time. Optical measurements show that in the first 50 sec a lossy dielectric film (apparently Cr(2)O(3)) of 0.6-microm thickness is deposited. The weights of deposits and their emittances, as well as the surface profiles of the samples, show that most (0.4-0.5 microm) of this dielectric film falls off between 50-sec and 60-sec plating time. An absorbing layer of chromium metal particles is then deposited on the remaining dielectric film to produce the high solar absorptance characteristic of these films. Calculations based on a particulate chromium deposit linearly graded with air using a recent theory of McKenzie and McPhedran are able to reproduce the film properties with deposit weights similar to those actually measured. It is shown that the thickness of the dielectric layer left under the particulate chromium deposit is important in obtaining the optimum performance in the trade-off between solar absorptance and thermal emittance.
ABSTRACT
The solar absorptance of a single ideal film on an idealized metallic substrate has been calculated as a function of its optical constants to determine the optimum parameters for selective absorber applications. High normal solar absorptances (>0.9) are possible for single uniform interference films if n < 1.5 and 0.2 < k < 0.8, values that are achievable using cermet materials. Grading the refractive index of single interference films improves the absorptance, with optimum results given by a uniformly increasing dielectric constant through the layer. With such a linear grading to air, normal solar absorptances of greater than 0.9 can be achieved for n < 1.5 and 0.1 < k < 5. Grading an absorbing material with a dielectric also improves the performance of the absorbing material. For bulk films, the optimum profile with minimum material is one where the dielectric constant increases slowly at the surface of the film.
