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1.
Cancer Epidemiol ; 61: 133-138, 2019 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31254794

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Hardly anything is known about the aetiology of thymoma. This paper presents data regarding tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption in relation to thymoma from the first case-control study performed on this rare tumour. METHODS: A European multi-centre case-control study including incident cases aged 35-69 years with thymoma between 1995 and 1997, was conducted in seven countries. A set of controls, used in seven parallel case-control studies by the same research group was used, including population-based controls from five countries and hospital controls with colon cancer from two countries. Altogether 103 cases, accepted by a reference pathologist, 712 colon cancer controls, and 2071 population controls were interviewed. RESULTS: Tobacco smoking was moderately related with thymoma (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.9-2.2), and a tendency to dose-response was shown (p = 0.04), with an increased risk for heavy smokers defined as ≥41 pack-years (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-3.9). A high consumption of spirits defined as ≥25 g of alcohol per day was associated with an increased risk of thymoma (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.4), whereas no association was found with beer or wine. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco smoking and a high intake of spirits were indicated as risk factors for thymoma.


Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Thymoma/etiology , Tobacco Smoking/adverse effects , Adult , Aged , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors
2.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand ; 63(4): 440-447, 2019 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30511411

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Long-term cognitive problems are common among elderly patients after surgery, and it has been suggested that inhalation anaesthetics play a role in the development of dementia. This study aims to investigate the hypothesis that patients with dementia have been more exposed to surgery and inhalational anaesthetics than individuals without dementia. METHODS: Using 457 cases from a dementia-registry and 420 dementia-free controls, we performed a retrospective case-control study. The medical records were reviewed to determine exposure to anaesthesia occurring within a 20-year timeframe before the diagnosis or inclusion in the study. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression and propensity score analysis. RESULTS: Advanced age (70 years and older, with the highest risk in ages 80-84 years) and previous head trauma were risk factors for dementia. History of exposure to surgery with anaesthesia was a risk factor for dementia (OR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.66-3.00, P < 0.01). Exposure to inhalational anaesthetics with halogenated anaesthetics was associated with an increased risk of dementia, compared to no exposure to anaesthesia (OR = 2.47, 95% CI 1.17-5.22, P = 0.02). Exposure to regional anaesthesia was not significantly associated with increased risk of dementia (P = 0.13). CONCLUSION: In this 20-year retrospective case-control study, we found a potential association between dementia and prior anaesthesia. Exposure to general anaesthetics with halogenated anaesthetic gases was associated with an increased risk of dementia.


Subject(s)
Anesthesia/adverse effects , Dementia/epidemiology , Dementia/etiology , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anesthesia, Inhalation/adverse effects , Anesthetics/adverse effects , Anesthetics, Inhalation/adverse effects , Case-Control Studies , Craniocerebral Trauma/complications , Craniocerebral Trauma/epidemiology , Female , General Surgery/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Male , Propensity Score , Registries , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors
3.
Int J Dermatol ; 56(12): 1387-1394, 2017 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28960272

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are highly distressed and impaired owing to perceived defects in their physical appearance that are not noticeable to others. They are frequently concerned about their skin and often present to dermatologists rather than psychiatrists. However, BDD patients attending dermatology clinics may be at risk of not receiving an appropriate assessment and beneficial treatment. The aims of this study were to estimate the BDD prevalence rate among Swedish female dermatology patients and to assess the psychological condition of BDD patients compared to that of other dermatology patients. METHODS: The occurrence of BDD was estimated using the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ), a validated self-report measure for BDD. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and quality of life was assessed using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). RESULTS: The prevalence rate of BDD among female Swedish dermatology patients was 4.9% (95% CI 3.2-7.4). Anxiety (HADS A ≥ 11) was 4-fold more commonly reported by patients with positive BDD screening (48% vs. 11%), and depression (HADS D ≥ 11) was over 10-fold more common in patients with positive BDD screening (19% vs. 1.8%) (P < 0.001). The median DLQI score was 18 in the BDD group, compared to a score of 4 in the non-BDD group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that BDD is fairly common among female Swedish dermatology patients (4.9%) and that BDD patients have high levels of depression and anxiety and severely impaired quality of life.


Subject(s)
Anxiety/epidemiology , Body Dysmorphic Disorders/epidemiology , Body Dysmorphic Disorders/psychology , Depression/epidemiology , Dermatology/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Anxiety/diagnosis , Body Dysmorphic Disorders/diagnosis , Depression/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Quality of Life , Surveys and Questionnaires , Sweden/epidemiology , Young Adult
4.
J Occup Environ Med ; 59(5): e84-e90, 2017 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28437293

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine mortality causes and cancer incidence in a population cohort that have resided in close proximity to highly metal-contaminated sources, characterized by contamination of, in particular, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). METHODS: Data from Swedish registers were used to calculate standardized mortality and cancer incidence ratios. An attempt to relate cancer incidence to metal contamination levels was made. RESULTS: Significantly elevated cancer incidences were observed for overall malignant cancers in both genders, cancer in the digestive system, including colon, rectum, and pancreas, and cancers in prostate among men. Dose-response relationships between Cd and Pb levels in soil and cancer risks were found. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer observations made, together with previous studies of metal uptake in local vegetables, may imply that exposure to local residents have occurred primarily via oral intake of locally produced foodstuffs.


Subject(s)
Digestive System Neoplasms/epidemiology , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Metals, Heavy/toxicity , Prostatic Neoplasms/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Neoplasms/mortality , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Cause of Death , Digestive System Neoplasms/chemically induced , Digestive System Neoplasms/mortality , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Female , Glass , Humans , Incidence , Male , Manufacturing and Industrial Facilities , Prostatic Neoplasms/chemically induced , Registries , Respiratory Tract Diseases/mortality , Sex Factors , Soil/chemistry , Sweden/epidemiology
5.
Environ Int ; 98: 204-211, 2017 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27865523

ABSTRACT

There is a growing body of evidence that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the mechanisms remain unclear. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) acts protective against CVD by different processes, and we have earlier found that HDL from subjects with CVD contains higher levels of POPs than healthy controls. In the present study, we have expanded analyses on the same individuals living in a contaminated community and investigated the relationship between the HDL POP levels and protein composition/function. HDL from 17 subjects was isolated by ultracentrifugation. HDL protein composition, using nanoliquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and antioxidant activity were analyzed. The associations of 16 POPs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides, with HDL proteins/functions were investigated by partial least square and multiple linear regression analysis. Proteomic analyses identified 118 HDL proteins, of which ten were significantly (p<0.05) and positively associated with the combined level of POPs or with highly chlorinated PCB congeners. Among these, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and phospholipid transfer protein, as well as the inflammatory marker serum amyloid A, were found. The serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 activity was inversely associated with POPs. Pathway analysis demonstrated that up-regulated proteins were associated with biological processes involving lipoprotein metabolism, while down-regulated proteins were associated with processes such as negative regulation of proteinases, acute phase response, platelet degranulation, and complement activation. These results indicate an association between POP levels, especially highly chlorinated PCBs, and HDL protein alterations that may result in a less functional particle. Further studies are needed to determine causality and the importance of other environmental factors. Nevertheless, this study provides a first insight into a possible link between exposure to POPs and risk of CVD.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects , Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/adverse effects , Lipoproteins, HDL/blood , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/adverse effects , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aryldialkylphosphatase/blood , Environmental Pollutants/blood , Female , Humans , Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Pesticides/adverse effects , Pesticides/blood , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/blood , Proteome , Proteomics
6.
Compr Psychiatry ; 58: 108-15, 2015 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25617963

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a highly distressing and impairing preoccupation with nonexistent or slight defects in appearance. Patients with BDD present to both psychiatric and non-psychiatric physicians. A few studies have assessed BDD prevalence in representative samples of the general population and have demonstrated that this disorder is relatively common. Our primary objective was to assess the prevalence of BDD in the Swedish population because no data are currently available. METHODS: In the current cross-sectional study, 2891 randomly selected Swedish women aged 18-60 years participated. The occurrence of BDD was assessed using the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ), which is a validated self-report measure derived from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV criteria for BDD. In addition, symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS: The prevalence of BDD among Swedish women was 2.1%. The women with BDD had significantly more symptoms of depression and anxiety than the women without BDD. Depression (HADS depression score ≥ 8) and anxiety (HADS anxiety score ≥ 8) were reported by 42% and 72% of the women with BDD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study indicate that BDD is relatively common among Swedish women (2.1%) and that it is associated with significant morbidity.


Subject(s)
Body Dysmorphic Disorders/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Anxiety/complications , Anxiety/psychology , Body Dysmorphic Disorders/psychology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression/complications , Depression/psychology , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Population , Prevalence , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Sweden/epidemiology , Young Adult
7.
Environ Int ; 76: 41-8, 2015 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25529270

ABSTRACT

There are many small villages where environmental contamination is substantial due to historical industrial activities. The aim of the present study was to investigate if long-term or current consumption of local foods, as reported in food frequency questionnaires, co-vary with measured concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) in blood, urine and hair from a population living in a historically contaminated village. Blood, urine and hair were provided by men (n=38) and women (n=57), who had participated in a previous case-control study in the contaminated area, and were analyzed for PCB, OCPs, Pb, Cd and Hg. A detailed food frequency questionnaire, used in the previous epidemiological study, was repeated, and up-dated information of life-style, exposure factors and other covariates was collected. Associations between reported consumption of local foods and exposure biomarkers were explored in relation to age, gender, life-style factors and other covariates. A large part of the population in the area reported consumption of local food, and thus, was potentially exposed to the contaminants. Despite the limited number of participants and other weaknesses described, it was possible to link reported consumption of different foods to biomarker concentrations. Reported consumption of local vegetables, forest berries and mushrooms co-varied with urinary Cd, indicating an influence from the contaminated area on the Cd exposure. We found no associations between PCB plasma concentrations with reported consumption of local fish, but with consumption of herring (non-local sea fish) which is typically high in PCB. Pesticide (HCB, p,p'-DDE, trans-nonachlor) exposure was mainly associated with agricultural work and having a private well the first five years of life, but we found no associations between pesticide concentrations in plasma and consumption of local vegetables or fish. Exposure to Hg was associated with consumption of fish, both local and non-local, and Pb exposure was associated with the consumption of game. Overall, the contaminant concentrations measured in blood, urine and hair varied substantially among study participants, but on average, the concentrations were similar to concentrations measured in other groups of the general Swedish population in the same age range. Larger studies are needed to evaluate health risks (and causality) associated with historical environmental contamination.


Subject(s)
Cadmium/urine , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Environmental Pollution/analysis , Food Contamination/analysis , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Body Burden , Chromatography, Gas , Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Female , Fishes/metabolism , Food Contamination/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Male , Mass Spectrometry , Middle Aged , Pesticides/analysis , Sweden/epidemiology , Vegetables/chemistry
8.
Environ Int ; 65: 93-9, 2014 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24472825

ABSTRACT

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are lipophilic environmental toxins that have been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of POPs in human high and low/very low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL/VLDL) and the possible association with CVD and cancer occurrence in individuals living in a contaminated area. Lipoproteins from 28 individuals (7 healthy controls, 8 subjects with cancer, 13 subjects with CVD) were isolated and the fraction-specific concentration of 20 different POPs was analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. The activity of Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an anti-oxidant in HDL, was determined in plasma of these 28 subjects and additional 50 subjects from the same area excluding diseases other than cancer or CVD. Fourteen polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and three organochlorine pesticides were detected, and especially highly chlorinated PCBs were enriched in lipoproteins. Significantly higher concentrations of POPs were found among individuals with CVD or cancer compared to controls. Principal component analyses showed that POP concentrations in HDL were more associated with CVD, while POP concentrations in LDL/VLDL were more associated with cancer. PON1 activity was negatively correlated to sumPCB and a co-variation between decreased arylesterase-activity, increased PCB concentrations and CVD was found. This study shows that POPs are present in lipoproteins and were more abundant in individuals with CVD or cancer compared to healthy controls. The results also indicate that PCB exposure is accompanied by reduced PON1 activity that could impair the HDL function to protect against oxidation.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Environmental Pollutants/blood , Lipoproteins/chemistry , Neoplasms/blood , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aryldialkylphosphatase/blood , Aryldialkylphosphatase/metabolism , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Principal Component Analysis , Young Adult
9.
Scand J Public Health ; 42(3): 270-7, 2014 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24311537

ABSTRACT

AIM: To examine background factors for bullying and associations between bullying victimisation and health problems. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on all pupils in grades 7 and 9 in a Swedish county was conducted in 2011 (n=5248). Data have been analysed with bi- and multivariate models. RESULTS: 14% of the children reported that they had been bullied during the past 2 months. Background factors for bullying were: gender (girls more often); age (younger students more often); disability/disease; high body mass index, and having parents born abroad. There were strong associations between being bullied and poor health and self-harm. Associations with poor general health for boys and girls and mental health problems for girls showed stronger associations with higher frequency of bullying than with lower. For boys, physical bullying had stronger correlations with poor general health than written-verbal bullying. CONCLUSIONS: Bullying is a serious public health problem among young people and healthcare professionals have an important task in identifying exposed children. Children who are "different" are more exposed to bullying, which implies that school personnel, parents, and other adults in these children's social networks can play an important role in paying attention to and preventing the risk of bullying.


Subject(s)
Bullying , Crime Victims/statistics & numerical data , Health Status , Adolescent , Bullying/psychology , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Interpersonal Relations , Male , Risk Factors , Self Report , Sex Factors , Sweden
10.
Psychiatry Res ; 210(2): 647-52, 2013 Dec 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23948660

ABSTRACT

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is characterized by a distressing and impairing preoccupation with a nonexistent or slight defect in appearance. Patients with the disorder present to both psychiatric and non-psychiatric physicians. A few studies have assessed BDD prevalence in the general population and have shown that the disorder is relatively common. To date, no BDD assessment instruments have been validated in the general population. Our aim was to validate a brief self-screening instrument, the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ), in a female community sample. The BDDQ was translated into Swedish and filled out by 2891 women from a randomly selected community sample. The questionnaire was validated in a subsample of 88 women, using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) together with clinical assessment as the gold standard. In the validation subsample, the BDDQ showed good concurrent validity, with a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 90% and a likelihood ratio of 9.4. The questionnaire can therefore be of value when screening for BDD in female populations.


Subject(s)
Body Dysmorphic Disorders/diagnosis , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards , Adolescent , Adult , Body Dysmorphic Disorders/psychology , Body Image , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Female , Humans , Language , Middle Aged , Predictive Value of Tests , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Socioeconomic Factors , Sweden , Translating
11.
J Occup Environ Med ; 55(8): 924-31, 2013 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23887697

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential association between occupational exposure to chlorinated and petroleum solvents and mycosis fungoides (MF). METHODS: A questionnaire on lifetime job history was administered to 100 patients diagnosed with MF and 2846 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated as the measure of the association between exposure to each specific solvent and MF. RESULTS: In the total sample and in men, cases and controls did not differ in relation to exposure to any of the solvents studied. In women, an association with MF was seen for the highest level of estimated exposure to perchloroethylene (OR = 11.38; 95% confidence interval: 1.04 to 124.85) and for exposure less than the median to kerosene/fuel/gasoil (OR = 8.53; 95% confidence interval: 1.11 to 65.62). CONCLUSIONS: These results do not provide conclusive evidence that exposure to solvents may increase risk of MF because they were not found in men.


Subject(s)
Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/adverse effects , Mycosis Fungoides/chemically induced , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Petroleum/adverse effects , Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced , Adult , Aged , Case-Control Studies , Female , Fuel Oils/adverse effects , Humans , Kerosene/adverse effects , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Sex Factors , Solvents/adverse effects , Surveys and Questionnaires , Tetrachloroethylene/adverse effects
12.
Environ Int ; 44: 53-8, 2012 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22336529

ABSTRACT

Environmental measurements carried out by local authorities during the 1970s, 80s and 90s in an area contaminated by hundreds of years of industrial activities have revealed high levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in soil, vegetables, root crops, berries and mushrooms. In 1972, a large quantity of oil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was accidentally spilled into the river running through the village. To investigate the possible health effects of exposure from local sources, all cancer diagnoses, registered in 1960-2003 for individuals living in the study area, were collected from the regional cancer register of southeast Sweden. The total cancer incidence was non-significantly decreased both among males and females as compared to national rates (SIR=0.91) for each gender. Among males, increased risks, of border-line significance, were seen for testicular cancer and lymphomas as well as significantly decreased risks for cancer in the rectum, respiratory system and brain. Information on lifetime residence, occupation, smoking habits, diseases, childbirth and food consumption, was collected via questionnaires from cancer cases and randomly selected controls. In both genders combined, significant associations were found for total cancer and high consumption of local perch, and for lymphomas and high consumption of both perch and pikeperch. Female breast cancer was significantly associated with high consumption of local perch and pike as well as with work in metal production. Mothers residing in the parish before the age of five reported significantly more preterm child deliveries. In spite of study limitations, the results indicate that residing in a rural contaminated area may contribute to the development of certain cancers and reproductive effects. In females, high consumption of local fish was shown to be the strongest determinant for total cancer, while in males, the strongest determinant was residing in the study area the first five years of life. Further research including validation of exposure using biomarkers is required to verify the findings as well as future studies in other polluted areas in Sweden with larger population bases.


Subject(s)
Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Environmental Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Metals/toxicity , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/toxicity , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Environmental Pollutants/analysis , Female , Humans , Industry , Male , Metals/analysis , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis , Premature Birth/epidemiology , Sweden/epidemiology , Young Adult
13.
Nord J Psychiatry ; 64(4): 227-32, 2010 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20085432

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In a representative Swedish sample, we investigated lifetime prevalence of physical, sexual and psychological abuse of women and their current suffering. The relationship between current suffering from abuse and psychological health problems was also studied. METHOD: The study was cross-sectional and population-based. The Abuse Screening Inventory (ASI), measuring experiences of physical, sexual and psychological abuse and including questions on health and social situation, was sent by mail to 6000 women, randomly selected from the population register. The questionnaire was completed and returned by 4150 (70%) of 5896 eligible women. RESULTS: 27.5% of the women reported abuse of any kind. Of those, 69.5% reported current suffering from abuse. Abused suffering women reported more anxiety, depression and sleep disturbances, and a less advantageous social situation than both non-abused and abused non-suffering women. Also, abused non-suffering women reported more depression than non-abused women. Somatization was reported more often by both abused suffering and non-suffering women than by non-abused women, with no difference between suffering and non-suffering women when adjusted for possible confounders. CONCLUSION: A majority of abused women, when investigating lifetime history of abuse, report current suffering thereof, which warrants considering abuse an important societal problem. Suffering could be a valuable construct, possibly useful to assess psychological health problems normally not captured by existing diagnostic instruments, although further investigations of the concept are needed.


Subject(s)
Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Sex Offenses/statistics & numerical data , Spouse Abuse/statistics & numerical data , Stress, Psychological/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Battered Women/psychology , Battered Women/statistics & numerical data , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depressive Disorder/epidemiology , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Female , Humans , Mental Disorders/psychology , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Sex Offenses/psychology , Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiology , Sleep Wake Disorders/psychology , Somatoform Disorders/epidemiology , Somatoform Disorders/psychology , Spouse Abuse/psychology , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Sweden/epidemiology , Young Adult
14.
Am J Ind Med ; 50(12): 901-9, 2007 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17972254

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: A classification of 12 work categories was used to evaluate the cancer incidence and mortality among a cohort of Swedish rubber tire workers. METHODS: Cancer incidence and mortality in the cohort was compared with expected values from national rates. Standardized incidence and mortality ratios were calculated for the total cohort, for sub-cohorts and with the inclusion of a latency requirement. RESULTS: Among men, increased incidence and mortality risks were found for cancer in the larynx; SIR=2.10; 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): 1.05-3.76, SMR=2.08; 95% CI: 0.42-6.09. Increased risks were also seen for cancer in the trachea, bronchus, and lung; SIR=1.62; 95% CI: 1.28-2.02, SMR=1.54; 95% CI: 1.21-1.94, the incidence risk was highest among those with the longest exposure duration and among workers in compounding/mixing, milling, and maintenance. Decreased incidence risks were seen for cancer of the prostate (SIR=0.74; 95% CI: 059-0.92) and skin (SIR=0.57; 95% CI: 0.36-0.84). CONCLUSIONS: The finding of an excess of tumors in the respiratory system is in agreement with earlier findings in other studies on rubber tire workers. The results on other cancer types are compared to earlier findings and related to work processes and chemical exposures of possible causal importance.


Subject(s)
Manufactured Materials/toxicity , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Occupational Health , Petroleum/toxicity , Respiratory Tract Neoplasms/epidemiology , Rubber/toxicity , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/mortality , Occupational Diseases/mortality , Prospective Studies , Respiratory Tract Neoplasms/mortality , Risk Factors , Sweden/epidemiology , Time Factors
15.
Public Health Nurs ; 24(6): 511-7, 2007.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17973728

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between calcium intake in the diet, lifestyle factors, and forearm bone mineral density (BMD) in order to identify population subgroups for targeting by screening programs. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 15% of the inhabitants aged 20-79 years from 2 Swedish municipalities, and the subsample from one of the municipalities was invited to measurement of BMD. The survey response rate was 74% (n = 1,112/1,510) and participation in BMD measurements was 68% (n = 448/659). RESULTS: Only a tendency ( p = .085) toward direct association between calcium intake and forearm BMD was found, and the best multiple regression model was retained to explain BMD excluded calcium intake. Low calcium intake was, instead, in complementary analyses, found to be correlated with the factors old age, female sex, and urban residence in the best multiple regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Population subgroups whose calcium intake is in a range that justifies preventive action could be identified. Screening programs staffed by public health nurses can thereby be informed regarding the subgroups of the population that are at the highest risk of insufficient calcium intake.


Subject(s)
Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage , Deficiency Diseases/epidemiology , Energy Intake , Osteoporosis/etiology , Absorptiometry, Photon , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Bone Density , Cross-Sectional Studies , Deficiency Diseases/complications , Deficiency Diseases/diagnosis , Deficiency Diseases/prevention & control , Female , Forearm/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Linear Models , Male , Mass Screening , Middle Aged , Nutrition Surveys , Osteoporosis/diagnosis , Osteoporosis/epidemiology , Osteoporosis/prevention & control , Prevalence , Radionuclide Imaging , Residence Characteristics , Risk Factors , Sex Distribution , Surveys and Questionnaires , Sweden/epidemiology
16.
J Womens Health (Larchmt) ; 16(6): 909-18, 2007.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17678462

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The association between abuse and somatization has been less systematically investigated than other abuse-related outcomes. Moreover, such studies have given inconsistent results. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between somatization and lifetime exposure to physical, sexual, and psychological abuse. METHODS: A total of 800 women, 400 reporting abuse and 400 reporting no abuse in a previous randomized, population-based study, were sent two questionnaires: SOMAT, a questionnaire on somatization, and the Abuse Inventory (AI). Of 781 eligible women, 547 participated (70% response rate). RESULTS: Psychological abuse of both limited (6 months-2 years) and prolonged duration (>2 years) was associated with somatization (OR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.37-4.40 and OR = 3.09, 95% CI 1.52-6.30, respectively). Sexual abuse without penetration was associated with somatization (OR = 2.47, 95% CI 1.17-5.20), but sexual abuse with penetration was not. Physical abuse was not associated with somatization when adjustments for other kinds of abuse were made. Being abused in adulthood and in both adulthood and childhood was associated with somatization (OR = 4.20, 95% CI 2.45-7.20 and OR = 2.90, 95% CI 1.69-4.90, respectively), whereas being abused in childhood only was not. CONCLUSIONS: Abuse of women is associated with somatization. Other factors than severity of abuse, such as whether the abused woman herself perceives her experience as abuse, seem to be more decisive for developing somatization in abused women. Abuse should be taken into account when meeting women with somatization symptoms as patients.


Subject(s)
Child Abuse/psychology , Somatoform Disorders/etiology , Spouse Abuse/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Middle Aged , Somatoform Disorders/psychology , Switzerland
17.
Am J Ind Med ; 50(3): 221-6, 2007 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17315179

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Malignant diseases but also cardiovascular and respiratory disorders and diabetes mellitus have been associated with work in pulp and paper production. The present cohort focuses on cardiovascular mortality in relation to various exposures in this industry. METHODS: The cohort, followed-up for mortality, includes 7,107 workers, 6,350 men and 757 women, from three major old mills in the middle of Sweden. RESULTS: Instead of a healthy-worker effect, a slightly increased risk for death in diseases of the circulatory system was found for male workers. Notably, work with sulfate digestion, steam and power generation and maintenance was associated with significantly increased risks. Cerebrovascular diseases showed non-significantly increased risks for maintenance and paper and paperboard production and manufacture. CONCLUSIONS: The differences in risk among various parts of the production are striking although it is hard to pinpoint any specific exposures. Dust and small particles along with sulfur compounds might be suspected.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Extraction and Processing Industry/statistics & numerical data , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Stroke/mortality , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Occupational Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Paper , Sweden/epidemiology , Wood
18.
Scand J Work Environ Health ; 33(6): 470-8, 2007 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18327516

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine mortality among pulp and paper mill workers according to the main mill pulping process, department, and gender, particular reference being given to diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems. METHODS: The cohort of 18 163 men and 2 291 women employed between 1939 and 1999 and with >1 year of employment was followed for mortality from 1952 to 2001 (acute myocardial infarction from 1969). Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by comparing the observed number of deaths with the expected number for the entire Swedish population. Exposure was assessed from personnel files in the mills. Data from an exposure measurement database are also presented. RESULTS: There were 5898 deaths in the cohort. Total mortality had an SMR of 1.02 (95% CI 0.98-1.06) for the men in the sulfate mills and an SMR of 0.93 (95% CI 0.90-0.97) for the men in the sulfite mills. Mortality from acute myocardial infarction was increased among the men in both the sulfate and sulfite mills [SMR 1.22 (95% CI 1.12-1.32) and SMR 1.11 (95% CI 1.02-1.21), respectively] and by department in sulfate pulping (SMR 1.29, 95% CI 1.07-1.54), paper production (SMR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06-1.49), and maintenance (SMR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02-1.30). Mortality from cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and nonmalignant respiratory diseases was not increased. CONCLUSIONS: Death from acute myocardial infarction, but not cerebrovascular diseases, was increased in this cohort and was probably related to a combination of different occupational exposures (eg, dust, sulfur compounds, shift work, and noise).


Subject(s)
Lung Diseases/mortality , Myocardial Infarction/mortality , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Wood , Adult , Aged , Dust , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mortality , Occupational Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Occupations , Retrospective Studies , Sulfates , Sulfites , Sweden/epidemiology
19.
Am J Ind Med ; 49(8): 617-23, 2006 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16691613

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In this cohort study a classification of 12 work categories, with specified common exposures, is used to evaluate the mortality among workers in a Swedish rubber tire plant. METHODS: Mortality among the cohort members is compared with expected values from national rates. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated for the total cohort, for sub-cohorts and with the inclusion of a latency requirement. RESULTS: Male workers had increased risks for total mortality, circulatory death, respiratory death, mental disorders, epilepsy, injuries/poisoning, and for alcohol-related death. Many risks were noted among workers exposed to dust, fumes, or vapor. No trend in risk with increasing duration of employment was seen. DISCUSSION: Some established risks for rubber workers could be related to some specified work categories. The highest risks were noted among workers having a very short duration of employment indicating a possible "unhealthy worker effect" associated with life-style factors or to tasks offered to unskilled workers.


Subject(s)
Cause of Death/trends , Health Status , Industry/statistics & numerical data , Manufactured Materials/toxicity , Occupational Diseases/mortality , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Rubber/toxicity , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Healthy Worker Effect , Humans , Life Style , Male , Middle Aged , Registries , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Sweden/epidemiology
20.
J Occup Environ Med ; 48(4): 390-3, 2006 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16607193

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: We sought to study the association between occupational sun exposure and mycosis fungoides (MF), a peripheral T-cell lymphoma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A European multicenter case-control study including seven rare cases (one being MF) was conducted between 1995 and 1997. From the 118 accepted cases, 104 were interviewed, of which 76 were definite cases. Population controls were selected randomly from the regions of case ascertainment. Information based on occupational experiences was coded according to industry types. A job exposure matrix was created according to the expected exposure to sunlight. RESULTS: Once exposures to aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons were eliminated (odds ratio = 2.3; 95% confidence interval = 0.9-6.2), a high MF risk was associated with exposures to solar radiation. CONCLUSION: It would appear that workers exposed to sunlight have a higher risk of MF. However, this factor is not the only one involved.


Subject(s)
Mycosis Fungoides/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Occupational Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Sunlight , Aged , Case-Control Studies , Causality , Europe/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Pigmentation , Risk Factors
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