ABSTRACT
Building on recent research demonstrating consensus and accuracy in interpersonal perception based on minimal information, the present studies examined American and Chinese participants' within- and cross-cultural judgments. In Study 1, the authors used the zero-acquaintance paradigm in the People's Republic of China and found consensus on all personality dimensions. In Study 2, Chinese and American participants judged each other on the basis of photographs, and consensus was found among Americans' judgments of Chinese and Chinese participants' judgments of Americans. Further, by correlating target effects based on within-culture zero-acquaintance judgments and cross-cultural photographic judgments, the authors found agreement in the judgments of individuals by members of their own culture and the other culture for both Chinese and Americans.
Subject(s)
Culture , Judgment , Personality , China , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Female , Humans , Interpersonal Relations , Male , Random Allocation , United StatesABSTRACT
Consensus, self-other agreement, and meta-accuracy were studied within and across nonoverlapping social groups. Thirty-one target persons were judged on the Big Five factors by 9 informants: 3 family members, 3 friends, and 3 coworkers. Although well acquainted within groups, informants were unacquainted between groups. A social relations analysis conducted within each social group showed reliable consensus on the Big Five personality factors. A model specified to estimate the consistency of a target person's effect on perceptions by others across social groups showed weaker agreement across groups. That is, targets were perceived consensually within groups, but these consensual perceptions differed between groups. The data suggest that personality and identity are context specific; however, there was some evidence of agreement in perceptions across groups.
Subject(s)
Interpersonal Relations , Social Conformity , Social Identification , Social Perception , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Personality , Self ConceptABSTRACT
Extracts of gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust and ambient air particles were fractionated into five fractions according to polarity on a silica gel column. Two medium polar fractions showing high genotoxic activity in the Ames test were further subfractionated, using normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Chemical analyses were performed by means of gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry and flame ionization and detection. The crude extracts, fractions, and subfractions were assayed with the Ames test, with and without S9, and the most abundant compounds in the subfractions are reported.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Mutagens/analysis , Vehicle Emissions/analysis , Vehicle Emissions/toxicity , Chemical Fractionation , Chromatography, Gas , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Gasoline , Hydrocarbons/analysis , Hydrocarbons/toxicity , Mutagenicity Tests , Mutagens/toxicity , Salmonella typhimurium/drug effectsABSTRACT
Demple and Halbrook (1983) have reported that pretreatment of E. coli with H2O2 induces protection against the toxic effects of subsequent treatment with H2O2, which cannot be attributable to catalase induction, but rather to inducible repair of oxidative DNA damage. Here we report that pretreatment of Salmonella typhimurium with small doses of H2O2 also renders them resistant to subsequent higher doses of H2O2. However, this induced protection against H2O2, both concerning survival and mutations, is proportional to the amount of induced catalase activity of the bacteria, which accelerates the breakdown of H2O2 in the medium, thus lowering the effective dose.
