Priorities in stress research: a view from the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health.

The mission of the National Institute of Mental Health is to transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research, paving the way for prevention, recovery, and cure. In consultation with a broad range of experts, the NIMH has identified a set of priorities for stress biology research aimed squarely at creating the basic and clinical knowledge bases for reducing and alleviating mental health burden across the lifespan. Here, we discuss these priority areas in stress biology research, which include: understanding the heterogeneity of stressors and outcomes; refining and expanding the experimental systems used to study stress and its effects; embracing and exploiting the complexity of the stress response; and prioritizing translational studies that seek to test mechanistic hypotheses in human beings. We emphasize the challenge of establishing mechanistic links across levels of analysis to explain how and when specific and diverse stressors lead to enduring changes in neural systems and produce lasting functional deficits in mental health relevant behaviors. An improved understanding of mechanisms underlying stress responses and the functional consequences of stress can and will speed translation from basic research to predictive markers of risk and to improved, personalized interventions for mental illness.

NIMH initiatives to facilitate collaborations among industry, academia, and government for the discovery and clinical testing of novel models and drugs for psychiatric disorders.

There is an urgent need to transform basic research discoveries into tools for treatment and prevention of mental illnesses. This article presents an overview of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) programs and resources to address the challenges and opportunities in psychiatric drug development starting at the point of discovery through the early phases of translational research. We summarize NIMH and selected National Institutes of Health (NIH) efforts to stimulate translation of basic and clinical neuroscience findings into novel targets, models, compounds, and strategies for the development of innovative therapeutics for psychiatric disorders. Examples of collaborations and partnerships among NIMH/NIH, academia, and industry are highlighted.

Preclinical models: status of basic research in depression.

Approximately one half-century ago several classes of medications, discovered by serendipity, were introduced for the treatment of depression and bipolar disorder. These highly effective medications revolutionized our approach to mood disorders and helped launch the modern era of psychiatry. Yet our progress since those serendipitous discoveries has been disappointing. We still do not understand with certainty how those medications produce their desired clinical effects. We have not introduced newer medications with fundamentally different mechanisms of action than the older agents. We have not identified the genetic and neurobiological mechanisms underlying depression and mania, nor do we understand the mechanisms by which nongenetic factors influence these disorders. We have only a rudimentary understanding of the circuits in the brain responsible for the normal regulation of mood and affect, and of those circuits that function abnormally in mood disorders. In approaching these gaps in our knowledge, this workgroup highlighted four major areas for future investment. These include developing better animal models of mood disorders; identifying genetic determinants of normal and abnormal mood in humans and animals; discovering novel targets and biomarkers of mood disorders and treatments; and increasing the recruitment of investigators from diverse backgrounds to mood disorders research.

AP2-like cis element is required for calretinin gene promoter activity in cells of neuronal phenotype differentiated from multipotent human cell line DEV.

Calretinin (CR) is an EF-hand calcium binding protein expressed at high level in neurons. To identify regulatory elements in CR gene promoter, cultured rat cortical cells were transfected with constructs containing its 5'-end deletion mutants and the luciferase reporter gene. A fragment ending at -115 bp upstream of the transcription start site had high promoter activity and was able to induce expression of luciferase specifically in neuronal cells of cortical cultures. The wild type sequence of -115/+54 CR promoter fragment preferentially drove the expression of green fluorescent protein analog in cells of neuronal phenotype differentiated from multipotent human cell line DEV. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) revealed that the -115/-71 CR gene promoter region contains a binding site for a factor present in brain nuclear extract. Among oligonucleotides containing consensus binding sites for transcription factors within this region, the one representing AP2 binding site was able to compete formation of a protein complex. Mutations of this site prevented the binding between brain protein(s) and the -115/+54 CR gene promoter region and abolished the preferential expression of reporter gene in neuronal cells of DEV line. Thus, the AP2-like element seems to be essential for the neuron-specific activity of the CR gene promoter.