Quality Gap in Long-Stay Antipsychotic Quality Measure Performance Widens Over the Pandemic, Reversing Past Gains.

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) grades nursing home performance in antipsychotic prescribing quarterly, publishing findings as a quality measure. While scores have improved since 2011, marked performance variation between facilities persists. To assess quality gap changes between best- and worst-performing deciles, we compared quarterly prescribing changes between these groups pre-pandemic (April 2011 to March 2020) and during the pandemic (April 2020 to March 2022). Antipsychotic quality measure scores, improving pre-pandemic, deteriorated during the pandemic. The pre-pandemic quality gap between the best- and worst-performing deciles narrowed as the worst-performing decile improved faster than the best-performing decile. During the pandemic, the quality gap widened as the worst-performing decile relapsed more than the best-performing decile (p < .0001). The pandemic disrupted quality performance gains and compounded disparities between facilities. A better understanding of the factors allowing high performers to weather pandemic stressors better than poor performers may reveal opportunities to improve nursing home quality and equity for all residents.

Lessons learned from CMS's National Partnership to Improve Dementia Care: a thematic synthesis of multiple stakeholder-engaged studies.

BACKGROUND: Antipsychotic prescribing in United States nursing homes (NHs) has decreased since the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Service debuted the National Partnership to Improve Dementia Care in Nursing Homes (NP); however, reductions have stalled. To help explain persistent antipsychotic use despite the NP's reduction efforts, the perspectives of diverse NP stakeholders were qualitatively assessed. This study aimed to re-evaluate these individual perspectives in combined thematic synthesis to discover NP improvement opportunities undetectable in single stakeholder assessments. METHODS: Thematic synthesis. Through immersive crystallisation, original source coding results were organised into related descriptive themes. Similarities and differences were identified, and descriptive themes were regrouped into new, increasingly abstract, analytical themes. This cycle continued until variances were resolved and analytic themes sufficiently described and explained all initial descriptive themes. RESULTS: Three analytic themes emerged regarding NP improvement opportunities. The NP's positive impacts would be augmented by: (i) a deeper and expanded appreciation of stakeholder perspectives; (ii) more urgent and rapid adaptation to unintended adverse outcomes; and (iii) greater recognition of the contextual and environmental factors influencing decisions to prescribe or not prescribe antipsychotic medications. Stakeholder groups described: perspectives they perceived as inadequately considered by the NP; insufficient NP engagement with the stakeholders capable of creating evidenced, affordable, and available non-pharmacologic therapies for dementia symptoms; recognition that dementia interventions effective for a specific individual at a specific time in a specific community may not generalise; and diverse ongoing undesirable outcomes from NP policies that could be mitigated by NP modifications. CONCLUSIONS: The NP has done much to advance dementia care in NHs. Notwithstanding, these results suggest the NP would only be improved through increasingly comprehensive inclusion of stakeholder perspectives, enhanced incorporation of individual contextual factors, and a more decisive mechanism for ongoing and continual adaptation.

Trends in Antiseizure Medication Prescribing Among Nursing Home Residents With and Without a Seizure Diagnosis.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate current prevalence and changes in prescribing of antiseizure medications (ASMs) in Virginia nursing homes for residents with and without seizures. METHODS: Retrospective cohort. De-identified claims extracted from the Virginia All-Payers-Claims-Database defined annual and biennial cohorts of all insured long-stay residents with and without any claims-based seizure diagnoses. ASM prescribing prevalence rates for these cohorts were analyzed from 2011 to 2016. Multiple logistic regression compared prescribing prevalence rates within and between these 2 groups. RESULTS: Annual cohorts averaged 57,190. 65.6% Female, 38% white. 80% public insurance, 20% commercial secondary. Between 2011 and 2016, the claims-based prevalence of seizure diagnoses decreased (17.1% to 10.5%). However, ASM prescribing prevalence increased (10.4% to 11.6%). Increases were entirely among residents who never had any seizure-epilepsy claim, whereas ASM prescribing among residents with seizures decreased. Different drugs were used for patients with and without seizures. For residents without seizures, 85% of ASMs prescribed have alternative indications for mood or pain symptoms, and large gains in gabapentin and modest but significant increases in valproate, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and topiramate prescribing were detected. Among residents with seizures, ASMs without alternative indications were more common (59%), with marked reductions in phenobarbital and phenytoin but significant increases in levetiracetam and lacosamide use observed. CONCLUSIONS: Long-stay ASM use is changing. ASM gains are unrelated to seizure-epilepsy prevalence. ASM prescribing increased only among residents without seizures, where ASMs with expanded indications were preferred. Long-stay ASM prescribing and prescribing indication should be included in mandatory CMS reporting similar to other CNS-active medications.

Community, Social, and Facility Factors and Long-stay Antipsychotic Use.

OBJECTIVES: Compare Virginia nursing homes in the top- and bottom-quintiles of antipsychotic use for variation in community, social, and facility factors. METHODS: 2018 CMS data ascertained Virginia nursing homes in the top and bottom quintiles for antipsychotic use. The Virginia Health Department provided social determinant of health (SDOH) statistics for each facility's county/city while claims identified facility demographics. Chi square and independent two-sample t-tests compared quintiles for regional, social, and demographic differences. RESULTS: Quintiles averaged 3000 residents and 56 facilities. Facilities with the lowest rates of antipsychotic use were more likely to be privately owned and had fewer African-American and minority residents and more white residents. All 18 SDOH statistics were superior for the communities of facilities with the lowest antipsychotic rates. Nine of these differences were statistically significant, including the aggregated "Health Opportunity Index." CONCLUSIONS: The antipsychotic prevalence rate for facilities in the top-quintile of antipsychotic use is fivefold the bottom-quintile's rate. Antipsychotic prescribing in nursing homes is associated with regional, demographic, and social factors not addressed by existing antipsychotic reduction measures, with vulnerable populations at greatest risk. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The efficacy of measures aimed at curbing long-stay antipsychotic prescribing could be improved by addressing SDOH including economic opportunities.

Unreported Antipsychotic Use Increasing in Nursing Homes: The Impact of Quality-Measure Exclusions on the Percentage of Long-Stay Residents Who Got an Antipsychotic Medication Quality-Measure.

OBJECTIVE: Excluded from reporting to CMS's Percentage of long-stay residents who got an antipsychotic medication quality-measure are antipsychotics prescribed to nursing home patients with schizophrenia, Tourette's, or Huntington's. Over the 4 years following its 2012 debut, the quality-measure calculated a 27% reduction in inappropriate antipsychotic use but also an 18.3% increase in exclusion claims. This study evaluated the impact of these exclusions on the measure's findings. METHODS: Claims data for the years 2011-2016 retrospectively identified the prevalence of schizophrenia, Tourette's, and Huntington's in quarterly cohorts of Virginia long-stay residents prescribed antipsychotics. Annualized diagnoses in 2011 were compared with subsequent years using simple logistic regression. RESULTS: In 2016, 29% of the antipsychotics prescribed in Virginia nursing homes were to residents with diagnoses of schizophrenia, Tourette's, and Huntington's, a significant 32% increase from 2011. CONCLUSION: Almost 30% of the antipsychotics employed in Virginia nursing homes are excluded from CMS's long-stay antipsychotic quality-measure.

Increased Reporting of Exclusionary Diagnoses Inflate Apparent Reductions in Long-Stay Antipsychotic Prescribing.

OBJECTIVE: Over the two years following the 2012 introduction of CMS's National Partnership, combined rates of schizophrenia, Tourette's, and Huntington's in US long-stay residents increased 12%. We evaluated trends in reporting of these diagnoses for the subgroup of long-stay residents on antipsychotics. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of Virginia Medicaid claims identified annual utilization rates of psychiatric diagnoses for long-stay seniors on antipsychotics. Chi-square analysis compared rates for the year before March, 2012 with the same 12-month period 1 year later. A 5-year pre-existing baseline rate was also obtained. RESULTS: Diagnosis rates for 2011 were unchanged from baseline. Comparing 2011 with 2013, diagnoses rates for schizophrenia, Tourette's, and Huntington's combined increased 40% (p < .0001), primarily because schizophrenia reporting nearly doubled (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: For long-stay seniors on antipsychotics, reporting of schizophrenia, Tourette's, and Huntington's began increasing in 2012 and at almost triple the rate CMS described for the general long-stay population. The increased reporting of these diagnoses described by CMS since 2012 appears to be new and concentrated in residents on antipsychotics Clinical Implications: Since antipsychotics prescribed for schizophrenia, Tourette's, and Huntington's are excluded from quality-measure auditing, apparent reductions in inappropriate long-stay antipsychotic use since the National Partnership may be exaggerated.

Primary Care Physician Perspectives about Antipsychotics and Other Medications for Symptoms of Dementia.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines, policies, and warnings have been applied to reduce the use of medications for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Because of rare dangerous side effects, antipsychotics have been singled out in these efforts. However, antipsychotics are still prescribed "off label" to hundreds of thousands of seniors residing in nursing homes and communities. Our objective was to evaluate how and why primary-care physicians (PCPs) employ nonpharmacologic strategies and drugs for BPSD. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews analyzed via template, immersion and crystallization, and thematic development of 26 PCPs (16 family practice, 10 general internal medicine) in full time primary-care practice for at least 3 years in Northwestern Virginia. RESULTS: PCPs described 4 major themes regarding BPSD management: (1) nonpharmacologic methods have substantial barriers; (2) medication use is not constrained by those barriers and is perceived as easy, efficacious, reasonably safe, and appropriate; (3) pharmacologic policies decrease the use of targeted medications, including antipsychotics, but also have unintended consequences such as increased use of alternative risky medications; and (4) PCPs need practical evidence-based guidelines for all aspects of BPSD management. CONCLUSIONS: PCPs continue to prescribe medications because they meet patient-oriented goals and because PCPs perceive drugs, including antipsychotics and their alternatives, to be more effective and less dangerous than evidence suggests. To optimally treat BPSD, PCPs need supportive verified prescribing guidelines and access to nonpharmacologic modalities that are as affordable, available, and efficacious as drugs; these require and deserve significant additional research and payer support. Community PCPs should be included in BPSD policy and guideline development.

Caregiver Perspectives About Using Antipsychotics and Other Medications for Symptoms of Dementia.

Background and Objectives: To avoid "chemical restraints," policies and guidelines have been implemented to curb the use of medications for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Antipsychotics have been particularly targeted because of their rare severe side effects. Consequently, caregiver directed non-pharmacologic therapies have increased while medication use for BPSD has diminished. Despite such initiatives, however, antipsychotics continue to be prescribed "off-label" for roughly 20% of nursing home patients. How caregivers impact management approaches and prescribing decisions for BPSD, including antipsychotic use, is poorly understood. Aim: assesses experiences and perceptions of family and nursing caregivers regarding factors influencing medication decisions for BPSD. Research Design and Methods: Semi-structured interviews, analyzed via template, immersion and crystallization, and thematic development. Thirty-two participants from Northwestern Virginia representing five groups of caregivers for dementia patients were interviewed: families of community-dwelling, assisted living, and nursing home patients, and nurses from the same assisted living/nursing home facilities. Results: Caregivers described three major themes regarding medications: (a) Systemic barriers exist for non-pharmacologic BPSD therapies. (b) Medications have few barriers, and seem generally effective and safe. (c) When non-pharmacologic measures fail, medications, including antipsychotics, may be necessary and appropriate for palliation of patient distress. Discussion and Implications: To further reduce medications for BPSD, obstacles to services and alternative therapies must be mitigated. Caregiver perceptions that medications are generally safe and effective contribute to their continued use. Guidelines and policies for BPSD management should incorporate the caregiver position that medications, including antipsychotics, are sometimes justified and required to alleviate patient suffering.

Changes in Asthma Maintenance Therapy Prescribing Patterns Following the 2006 Long-acting ß-Agonist FDA Drug Warning.

PURPOSE: The US Food and Drug Administration issued a boxed warning on all products containing a long-acting ß-agonist (LABA) in March 2006, after the findings from a trial suggested an increased risk for death in patients treated with salmeterol monotherapy. Almost nothing is known about the impact of this warning on LABA prescribing patterns or on clinicians' approaches to asthma maintenance therapy. METHODS: A cohort of asthmatic adults on LABA therapy was retrospectively identified from a Baltimore-area Medicaid data warehouse. Pharmacy claims were used for determining the utilization rates of all asthma maintenance medications. Rates from the 6-month period before the warning (September 1, 2005, to February 28, 2006) were compared with rates from a similar 6-month period 1 year afterward (September 1, 2006, to February 28, 2007). The demographic characteristics of patients who continued LABA use were compared with those of discontinuers. In LABA discontinuers, utilization of alternative maintenance drugs was assessed. FINDINGS: In this cohort of 455 asthmatic patients, LABAs were prescribed only in combination with inhaled corticosteroids. Following the warning, 53% of patients discontinued LABA use, and the mean number of LABA prescription fills per patient decreased from 2.6 to 1.8 (P < 0.0001). Concurrently, the use of inhaled corticosteroids increased from 0.3 to 0.8 fills per patient (P < 0.0001). LABA continuers were younger (P = 0.0005), more likely to be black (P = 0.0079), and more consistent with LABA fills prewarning (P < 0.0001). Of the 243 LABA discontinuers, 155 were placed on no alternative maintenance therapy. IMPLICATIONS: The management of asthma changed significantly after the LABA warning. The use of LABAs combined with inhaled corticosteroids plummeted, while the use of inhaled corticosteroid monotherapy increased. More than half of patients who discontinued LABAs were not placed on alternative maintenance therapy.

BMI at birth and overweight at age four.

BACKGROUND: Extensive investigation has established that an elevated weight at birth is associated with subsequent obesity and obesity related negative health outcomes. The significance of overweight at birth, however, remains ill-defined. Historically, it has been difficult to approximate adiposity in infancy in a way that is both simple and meaningful. Body-mass-index (BMI) growth charts for children younger than two years of age only became available in 2006 when published by the WHO. METHODS: This retrospective cohort analysis utilised anthropometric data extracted from the electronic medical record of a large integrated healthcare system in North Carolina. BMI and weight-for-age (WFA) >85% of WHO growth charts measured newborn overweight and macrosomia respectively. Logistic regression models assessed the associations between newborn macrosomia and overweight and overweight at 4 years of age, as well as associations with maternal BMI. Models included demographic data, gestational age, and maternal diabetes status as covariates. RESULTS: Both BMI and WFA >85% at birth were significantly associated with overweight at age 4 years. However, the greater odds of overweight was associated with newborn BMI >85%, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 2.08 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4-3.08) versus 1.57 (95% CI: 1.08-2.27). Maternal obesity was also more robustly correlated with newborn BMI >85%, AOR of 4.14 (95% CI: 1.6-10.7), than with newborn WFA >85%, AOR of 3.09 (95% CI: 1.41-6.77). CONCLUSIONS: BMI >85% at birth is independently associated with overweight at 4 years. Newborn overweight is perhaps superior to newborn macrosomia in predicting overweight at age 4.