ABSTRACT
I have tried to enumerate the ways that can be used to communicate with the apprehensive patient in order to dispel the myths and allay the fears of root canal therapy. The categories discussed were communication, local anesthesia, nitrous oxide analgesia, pre-visit sedation and i.v. sedation. Some or all of these disciplines can be used depending on the situation.
Subject(s)
Dental Anxiety/prevention & control , Pain/prevention & control , Root Canal Therapy/psychology , Anesthesia, Dental , Communication , Dental Anxiety/etiology , Fear , Humans , Pain/etiology , Patient Education as Topic , Root Canal Therapy/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Female mice of 16 inbred mouse strains were fed an atherogenic diet for 14 weeks and were then evaluated for atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta. Strains C57BL/6, C57BR/cd, C57L, and SM were very susceptible to atherosclerosis, with lesion area/aortic cross-sections in the range of 4500 to 8000 microns 2. Strains C58 and SWR were intermediate in susceptibility, with lesion area/sections in the range of 1670 to 1690 microns 2. Strains 129, AKR, DBA/2, and BALB/c had only small lesions in the range of 20 to 350 microns 2/section; strains C3H, NZB, CBA, HRS, SJL, and A had no lesions after 14 weeks. Lesion formation in five strains was compared at several time points. Strain C57BL/6 mice developed lesions by 7 weeks, and these continued to grow until all mice had large atheromatous plaques in the aorta and coronary arteries. Strains AKR and DBA/2 also had fatty streak lesions as early as 7 or 8 weeks, but these lesions had not progressed in size by 14 weeks. Strains BALB/c and C3H, which were both resistant to lesion formation at 14 weeks, diverged from each other as time progressed. By 1 year, BALB/c mice had large lesions, but C3H mice had none. Most of the inbred strains chosen for evaluation are the progenitors of recombinant inbred sets of strains, a genetic tool that greatly facilitates the analysis of strain differences. This survey indicates seven additional recombinant inbred sets of strains whose progenitors differ in atherosclerosis susceptibility: BXD, AKXL, SWXJ, NX8, 129XB, NXSM, and B6NXAKRN. An analysis of these recombinant inbred strains may reveal additional mouse genes affecting atherosclerosis susceptibility.
Subject(s)
Arteriosclerosis/immunology , Animals , Aorta/pathology , Arteriosclerosis/genetics , Arteriosclerosis/pathology , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Diet, Atherogenic , Disease Susceptibility , Female , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Myocardium/pathology , Reproducibility of Results , Species Specificity , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The myosin ATPase activity and myosin light chain composition in developing chick heart and skeletal muscles were studied and compared. Embryonic myosin was purified and characterized from day 7 to day 19 of embryogenesis. Embryonic cardiac myosin generally showed the same Ca2+-activated myosin ATPase activity level as the adult value. In comparison, pooled pectoralis and hindlimb skeletal muscles from day 10 through day 19 showed myosin ATPase activities that were all significantly less than the adult counterpart. The myosin light chain pattern of embryonic cardiac myosin remained relatively constant like the myosin ATPase activity, whereas developmental changes were observed in skeletal myosin light chains.
