ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The outcomes associated with therapeutic hypothermia (TH) after cardiac arrest, while overwhelmingly positive, may be associated with adverse events. The incidence of post-rewarming rebound hyperthermia (RH) has been relatively unstudied and may worsen survival and neurologic outcome. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors associated with RH as well as its relationship to mortality, neurologic morbidity, and hospital length of stay (LOS). METHODS: A retrospective, observational study was performed of adult patients who underwent therapeutic hypothermia after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Data describing 17 potential risk factors for RH were collected. The primary outcome was the incidence of RH while the secondary outcomes were mortality, discharge neurologic status, and LOS. RESULTS: 141 patients were included. All 17 risk factors for RH were analyzed and no potential risk factors were found to be significant at a univariate level. 40.4% of patients without RH experienced any cause of death during the initial hospitalization compared to 64.3% patients who experienced RH (OR: 2.66; 95% CI: 1.26-5.61; p=0.011). The presence of RH is not associated with an increase in LOS (10.67 days vs. 9.45 days; absolute risk increase=-1.21 days, 95% CI: -1.84 to 4.27; p=0.434). RH is associated with increased neurologic morbidity (p=0.011). CONCLUSIONS: While no potential risk factors for RH were identified, RH is a marker for increased mortality and worsened neurologic morbidity in cardiac arrest patients who have underwent TH.
Subject(s)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/methods , Fever/physiopathology , Hypothermia, Induced/methods , Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/therapy , Rewarming/adverse effects , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Analysis of Variance , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/mortality , Cohort Studies , Combined Modality Therapy , Female , Fever/etiology , Fever/mortality , Follow-Up Studies , Hospital Mortality/trends , Humans , Length of Stay , Male , Middle Aged , Nervous System Diseases/etiology , Nervous System Diseases/mortality , Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology , Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/mortality , Retrospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Sex Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Survival Rate , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
The importance of fungicide seed treatments on cotton was examined using a series of standardized fungicide trials from 1993 to 2004. Fungicide seed treatments increased stands over those from seed not treated with fungicides in 119 of 211 trials. Metalaxyl increased stands compared to nontreated seed in 40 of 119 trials having significant fungicide responses, demonstrating the importance of Pythium spp. on stand establishment. Similarly, PCNB seed treatment increased stands compared to nontreated seed for 44 of 119 trials with a significant response, indicating the importance of Rhizoctonia solani in stand losses. Benefits from the use of newer seed treatment chemistries, azoxystrobin and triazoles, were demonstrated by comparison with a historic standard seed treatment, carboxin + PCNB + metalaxyl. Little to no stand improvement was found when minimal soil temperatures averaged 25°C the first 3 days after planting. Stand losses due to seedling pathogens increased dramatically as minimal soil temperatures decreased to 12°C and rainfall increased. The importance of Pythium increased dramatically as minimal soil temperature decreased and rainfall increased, while the importance of R. solani was not affected greatly by planting environment. These multi-year data support the widespread use of seed treatment fungicides for the control of the seedling disease complex on cotton.
