Characterization of vision in pediatric retinoblastoma survivors beyond visual acuity.

BACKGROUND: Retinoblastoma (RB) and its associated treatments can significantly impact visual acuity. However, little is known regarding other measures of vision, such as contrast sensitivity or saccades. The aim of this study was to describe contrast sensitivity and saccades in children treated for retinoblastoma. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included children aged 5-17 years who had completed treatment for RB. Visual acuity, saccades via fixation analysis, and contrast sensitivity by Cardiff contrast sensitivity were assessed, and multivariable linear regression was performed. RESULTS: Eleven children were enrolled (mean age, 10.7 ± 3.9 years). Treatment included enucleation (8 children [73%]) and chemotherapy (10 [91%]). Of the 11, one participant was unable to complete testing of saccades, and another was unable to complete contrast sensitivity testing. Decreased saccade parameters (velocity, latency, or accuracy) and impaired contrast sensitivity were observed in all 10 participants who underwent visual testing. Multivariable analysis revealed that worse logMAR visual acuity (B, -4.54 [-6.8, -2.2]; P = 0.004) and bilateral disease (B, -3.9 [-6.4, -1.4]; P = 0.009) were associated with worse contrast sensitivity. Germline disease was associated with decreased vertical saccade accuracy (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Decreased contrast sensitivity and impaired saccades were universally observed in this cohort of RB survivors. Comprehensive visual evaluation should be considered for all RB survivors to provide optimal rehabilitative services for these patients.

Eye-related quality of life and activities of daily living in pediatric retinoblastoma patients: A single-center, non-controlled, cross-sectional analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood retinoblastoma (RB) survivors are known to experience long-term morbidity; however, eye-related quality of life (QoL), which may significantly impact activities of daily living (ADL), has not been extensively studied in this population. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess QoL and ADL morbidity among school-age RB survivors. METHODS: The Pediatric Eye Questionnaire (PedEyeQ) and Roll Evaluation Activities of Life (REAL) were administered to childhood RB survivors between ages 5 and 17 followed at St. Louis Children's Hospital. Visual outcomes and demographic predictors of ADL and QoL were examined. RESULTS: Total 23 patients (mean age 9.6 years) consented for participation in this study. All children experienced at least one domain on the PedEyeQ ≤ 80%. Subjects and parents marked functional vision to be the most impacted domain with a median score of 82.5 and 83.4, respectively. Only 10.5% of participants scored above 75% on the ADL percentile rank. On multivariable analysis, decreased visual acuity (VA) was associated with worse "Child Functional" (odds ratio [OR] -59.2, p = .004) and "Parent Worry Function" (OR -66.5, p = .03) metrics. Decreased contrast sensitivity was associated with worse "Parent Impact" (OR 21.0, p = .02) and "Parent Worry Function" (OR 3.70, p = .04) metrics. Longer saccade horizontal latency was associated with a worse "Parent Worry Function" metric (OR 43.0, p = .009). On multivariable analysis, no variable was significantly associated with ADL. CONCLUSION: RB survivors have impaired QoL and ADL. Screening for such difficulties should strongly be considered for all RB patients. Additional studies may help predict morbidity based on visual metrics and demographic data.

Time trends for drug specific adverse events in patients on sunitinib; implications for remote monitoring.

INTRODUCTION: Sunitinib is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Patients on sunitinib do require regular in-person appointments to monitor for adverse events (AEs). Given the Covid-19 pandemic, regular in-person visits expose patients to an increased risk of infection in addition to potentially preventable travel costs. This study investigated the feasibility of implementing a remote monitoring strategy for patients being treated with sunitinib for mRCC by examining the time trends of AEs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective chart review of patients with a diagnosis of mRCC, 167 patients received sunitinib during their treatment. The time between initiation of treatment and the first AE was recorded. The AEs were categorized according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 5. Survival analysis was used to calculate the time-to-AE. RESULTS: Of the 167 patients identified, 145 experienced an AE (86.8%). Hypertension was the most common AE with 80% of AEs were ≤ Grade 2. Incidence of AE dropped by 91% after 3 months follow up and a further 36% after 6 months. The cumulative incidence of AEs were 87.8%, 94.6% and 98.0%, at 3, 6 and 9 months respectively. The severity of AEs observed were 39.3%, 38.6%, 20.7%, 1.4%,0% of Grade 1-5 events respectively. A trend of grade migration to less severe grades was also shown over time, with percentage of Grade ≥ 3 toxicity dropping from 22% between 0-3 months to 14% beyond 6 months follow up. CONCLUSIONS: The role of remote monitoring for mRCC patients on sunitinib remains relevant now with new waves of the Covid-19 pandemic, triggered by novel variants. The majority of AEs observed were of low severity ≤ Grade 2, with a trend of reduced AE frequency and severity most prevalent beyond 3 months of follow up. This data appears to support the implementation of a remote monitoring strategy 3 months after initiation of treatment.

Time trends of drug-specific actionable adverse events among patients on androgen receptor antagonists: Implications for remote monitoring.

INTRODUCTION: In light of COVID-19, reducing patient exposure via remote monitoring is desirable. Patients prescribed abiraterone/ enzalutamide are scheduled for monthly in-person appointments to screen for adverse events (AEs). We determined time trends of drug-specific actionable AEs among users of abiraterone/enzalutamide to assess the safety of remote monitoring. METHODS: A chart review was conducted on 828 prostate cancer patients prescribed abiraterone and/or enzalutamide. Data were collected to determine time to actionable first AEs, including hypertension, elevated liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase [AST], alanine transaminase [ALT]), hyperbilirubinemia, and hypokalemia. Survival analysis was used to determine time to AEs. RESULTS: In this study, 425 and 403 patients received enzalutamide and abiraterone, respectively. In total, 25.6% of those who took enzalutamide experienced an AE, compared to 28.8% of patients on abiraterone. For patients using abiraterone and experiencing an AE, cumulative incidence of AEs at three, six, nine, and 12 months were: 67.2%, 81.9%, 90.5%, and 93.9%, respectively. Among enzalutamide users experiencing an AE, cumulative incidence of AEs at three, six, nine, and 12 months were 51.4%, 70.7%, 82.6%, and 88.1%, respectively. The AEs associated with enzalutamide were hypertension and liver dysfunction (77.1% and 22.9%, respectively). In the abiraterone group, associated AEs were liver dysfunction (47.4%), hypertension (47.4%), and hypokalemia (5.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Attaining AEs secondary to abiraterone/enzalutamide decreases over time and tends to occur within the first six months of therapy. Most actionable AEs can be remotely monitored. Given COVID-19, remote monitoring after six months of initiating abiraterone or enzalutamide appears appropriate.