ABSTRACT
1. A field assessment was performed to map the extent of crop usage and thus retention time in broiler chickens. In addition, a broiler experiment was carried out to study the short-term effect of acid addition on phytase efficacy in the crop.2. In the field assessment, the crop content of 40 ad libitum fed broiler chickens from 4 different farms were sampled at 10, 20 and 30 d of age. The dry matter (DM) content varied from 0 to 32 g.3. From 11 d of age, 120 individually caged chickens were intermittently fed a high phytate-P diet with either no addition or 500 FYT C. braakii-derived phytase added or both phytase and 1.4% formic acid added. Excreta were collected for assessment of phosphorus (P) retention. At 20 and 21 d of age, starved birds were fed for 1 h, and thereafter crop and gizzard contents were collected every 20 min until 140 min after start of the feeding. At 60 and 140 min, the contents from the jejunum and ileum were collected.4. All diets reduced the concentration of phytate in the crop, however the combination of acid and phytase resulted in a higher degradation (P < 0.05) than the other diets from 20 min after the start of feeding. Simultaneously, the concentration of the smaller inositol phosphate isomers, such as inositol-5-phosphate, increased (P < 0.05). Phytase increased (P < 0.05) P retention, and the combination of acid and phytase increased jejunal P digestibility (P < 0.05) compared to the other diets.5. The results indicated that lower pH in the crop due to acid addition improved phytase efficacy and increased P digestibility in the anterior digestive tract, even with short retention times.
Subject(s)
6-Phytase , 6-Phytase/metabolism , Animal Feed/analysis , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Chickens/metabolism , Diet/veterinary , Dietary Supplements , Digestion , Phytic AcidABSTRACT
1. This study investigated the nutritional value (digestibility of ileal crude protein and amino acids (AAs)) and the AMEN value of legumes (pea, faba bean, yellow lupin, and narrow-leaved lupin) with or without protease. 2. Two hundred, one-day-old, male Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly allocated to ten groups. Each group received one of five different protein raw materials - either peas, faba beans, yellow lupins or narrow-leaved lupins, with or without protease produced from Bacillus licheniformis. The birds were kept in individual cages. Nutrient digestibility was calculated using the difference method. The total duration of the study was 23 d, and the study involved two phases - accommodation phase (d 1-18) and experimental phase (d 18-23). 3. The effect of protease on response traits was not consistent between the legumes. The enzyme increased the digestibility of some AAs in the pea (arginine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine, tyrosine, alanine, and proline), faba bean (lysine, arginine, glycine, and asparagine), and yellow lupin diets (lysine, valine, and serine), but this effect was not observed in the narrow-leaved lupin diet. The change in AMEN values due to protease addition was only statistically significant for the pea diet (P < 0.05), whereas in the case of other legume species, the difference was insignificant (P > 0.05). 4. Exogenous protease increased the digestibility of AAs present in pea, faba bean, and yellow lupin seeds but not in narrow-leaved lupin diets. The AMEN value of peas increased with protease supplementation, but no effect of protease was found for the AMEN values of faba bean and both the lupin diets.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Bacillus licheniformis , Vicia faba , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Chickens , Diet , Digestion , Male , Nutritive Value , Pisum sativum , Peptide HydrolasesABSTRACT
In 70 cases of ischaemic brain strokes and 25 cases serving as a reference group the levels of immunoglobulin A, M, G were determined in the cerebrospinal fluid. The obtained results demonstrated that in the studied group the mean levels of IgA and IgM and total protein were increased in the cerebrospinal fluid. The value of IgG was unchanged in relation to the control group. The rise in the mean levels of IgA and IgM was not always parallel with the rise in the total protein level. The authors discuss the importance of blood-brain barrier. Its role seems plausible in cases with raised levels of immunoglobulins and total protein. These changes in the levels of immunoglobulins can be a result of various concomitant local and systemic factors.
Subject(s)
Cerebrovascular Disorders/cerebrospinal fluid , Immunoglobulins/cerebrospinal fluid , Aged , Brain Ischemia/cerebrospinal fluid , Brain Ischemia/immunology , Cerebrovascular Disorders/immunology , Female , Humans , Hypergammaglobulinemia/cerebrospinal fluid , Immunoglobulin A/cerebrospinal fluid , Immunoglobulin G/cerebrospinal fluid , Immunoglobulin M/cerebrospinal fluid , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
The levels of IgA, IgM and IgG were determined by the method of Mancini in 72 cases of ischaemic brain strokes. Different immunoglobulin fractions showed different changes. The highest IgA level was observed in the first week after the onset of the disease, while that of IgM was highest between the 4th and the 6th weeks of the disease. IgG values were not different from those in controls. Besides laboratory investigations the material was analysed from the standpoint of clinical manifestations, location of lesions and outcome of the disease.
Subject(s)
Brain Ischemia/immunology , Cerebrovascular Disorders/immunology , Hypergammaglobulinemia/etiology , Immunoglobulin A/analysis , Immunoglobulin M/analysis , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/analysis , Male , Middle Aged , Time FactorsABSTRACT
In 63 patients with brain ischaemia and 29 healthy subjects the rosette test was done and clinical observations were conducted parallelly. The percent of peripheral blood lymphocytes forming rosettes spontaneously was 53.7% in the group of patients, while in the control group it was 63.4%. The difference was statistically significant.
Subject(s)
Brain Ischemia/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Acute Disease , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Immunity, Cellular , Leukocyte Count , Male , Middle Aged , Rosette FormationABSTRACT
The reported investigations were carried out in 99 cases. In 73 cases acute vascular diseases of the central nervous system were recognized, and 26 subjects served for control. In all cases the test of PHA-stimulated blastic transformation of the blastic index suggest reduced resistance of the organism and they may be group of patients was compared with the control group. The quantitative data were analysed statistically using the test of Student and the t T test of Student for paired samples. The obtained results showed that the proportion of lymphocytes undergoing blastic transformation after stimulation with PHA was in the control group 66.1% on the average, while in the group of patients it was decreased to 55.2%. These differences were significant statistically. The low values of the blastic index suggest reduced resistance of the organism and they may be used as a valuable indicator informing about the resistance of the patient.
Subject(s)
Cerebrovascular Disorders/immunology , Lymphocyte Activation , Acute Disease , Adult , Aged , Brain/immunology , Cerebrovascular Disorders/therapy , Female , Humans , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Male , Middle Aged , PhytohemagglutininsABSTRACT
The results of EMG investigations with pharmacological and functional tests are reported in a rare case of periodic muscular rigidity with spontaneous activity at rest mainly in shouldergirdle muscle. The aetiology of the syndrome is unknown.
Subject(s)
Muscle Rigidity , Periodicity , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Muscle Contraction/drug effects , Muscle Rigidity/diagnosis , Muscle Rigidity/etiology , Muscle Rigidity/physiopathology , Procaine/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The authors analysed clinically 108 patients (61 males and 47 females), aged below 50 years treated at the department of neurology, because of acute cerebral ischaemia. Attention is called to risk factors such as arterial hypertension, heart disease, atherosclerosis, obesity and diabetes which may be the cause of earlier development of ischaemic changes in the central nervous system. In the analysed group in 18 cases cerebral thrombosis, in 23 cases embolism, in 31 cerebral circulatory failure were diagnosed. In 36 cases the cause could not have been established.
Subject(s)
Cerebrovascular Disorders/epidemiology , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Female , Heart Diseases/complications , Humans , Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis/epidemiology , Ischemic Attack, Transient/epidemiology , Ischemic Attack, Transient/etiology , Male , Obesity/complications , Pregnancy , Risk , Sex Factors , Smoking/complicationsABSTRACT
An analysis of 617 cases of cerebral strokes was done, including 534 acute and 83 past ones treated in the years 1966-1972. The patients were divided into 4 groups: I -- cerebral haemorrhage, II -- cerebral embolism, III -- cerebral arterial thrombosis, IV -- failure of cerebral circulation. The classification was based on clinical criteria and in dying patients also on autopsy findings. ECG changes were analysed in all patients. In the acute period of stroke the greatest proportion of cases were cerebral arterial thrombosis (197 cases --37%) and in this group acute myocardial infarctions were most frequent. This group was followed by cases of acute cerebral circulatory failure (191 cases -- 35%). The electrocardiographic correlate of the cerebral changes were in this group signs of myocardial ischaemia (84 cases -- 15%). Cerebral embolism (134 cases -- 24%) was associated with arrhythmia (109 cases --19) of various origin. In the group of cerebral haemorrhages (95 cases -- 17%) no unequivocal ECG changes were observed. In all patients with myocardial infarction during cerebral stroke atheromatous changes of coronary arteries were present. No correlation was observed between the location of the cerebral focus and the type of electrocardiographic changes.