ABSTRACT
Final effluent samples from 10 southern California (United States) wastewater treatment facilities, employing four distinct treatment schemes, were surveyed for selected pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs), alkylphenols, and 21 of their halogenated disinfection byproducts. Chlorinated and brominated standards and isotopically labeled internal standards were synthesized and purified to confirm and more accurately quantify selected disinfection byproducts of salicylic acid, bisphenol A, gemfibrozil, naproxen, diclofenac, technical 4-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of parent compounds ranged from <10 to 3830 ng/L (gemfibrozil), and those of chloro/bromo byproducts ranged from <4 to 370 ng/L (dibromo nonylphenol). The highest concentrations of parent compounds were measured in effluent that was not subjected to tertiary treatment. The chlorinated and brominated byproduct concentration may be affected by the influent concentration of parent compounds, hydraulic retention times, and chlorine contact times. Salicylic acid was readily halogenated, which is evident from the ratio of halogenated to nonhalogenated species. There were no measured chlorinated byproducts of bisphenol A despite occasionally high concentrations of the parent compound. Not surprisingly, higher concentrations of most brominated species were measured in the treatment plant with the highest bromide concentrations. These results demonstrate the occurrence of novel halogenated byproducts of PPCPs that have limited toxicological data and significant uncertainty with regard to their risk to ecological systems.
