ABSTRACT
A decades-long decline in sperm counts in Western countries has coincided with an increase in obesity rates, prompting study into their association. Few of these studies have incorporated men of color, the sperm health of whom is relatively unknown. The present exploratory study evaluated the association between body mass index (BMI), race, ethnicity, and sperm parameters among a diverse sample of U.S. men attending a Washington, DC physician practice. Semen samples were collected and processed at a single laboratory and sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and count were evaluated according to World Health Organization (WHO) 5th edition criteria. Multivariate models accounted for covariates related to sperm health. The study population (n = 128) was largely obese (45.3%) or overweight (34.4%), and 36.0% were black or Hispanic. Black men had lower adjusted sperm concentration compared to white men (75.0 million/mL to 107.4 million/mL, p = .01) and were more likely to have oligozoospermia (p = .01), asthenozoospermia (p = .004), and low sperm count (p < .0001). Hispanic men had higher adjusted sperm concentration compared to non-Hispanic men (124.5 million/mL to 62.1 million/mL, p = .007) and were less likely to have teratozoospermia (p = .001). Obesity and BMI were associated with lower sperm motility and count in crude models only. Given the study's sample size its findings should be interpreted with caution but align with the limited epidemiological literature to date that has evaluated racial and ethnic differences in semen quality. Heightened clinical research attention is needed to ensure men of color are included in representative numbers in studies of urologic and andrologic health.
Subject(s)
Black or African American , Hispanic or Latino , Obesity/ethnology , Semen Analysis , Adolescent , Adult , District of Columbia , Humans , Infertility, Male , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the multidrug-resistant transporter (MDR) activity in oocytes and their potential role in oocyte susceptibility to chemotherapy. DESIGN: Experimental laboratory study. SETTING: University and academic center for reproductive medicine. SUBJECT(S): Women with eggs retrieved for intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles and adult female FVBN and B6C3F1 mouse strains. INTERVENTION(S): Inhibition of MDR activity in oocytes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Efflux activity of MDRs with the use of quantitative fluorescent dye efflux, and oocyte cell death when exposed to chemotherapy. RESULT(S): Oocytes effluxed fluorescent reporters, and this activity was significantly reduced in the presence of the MDR inhibitor PSC 833. Geminal vesicle oocytes were more efficient at efflux than metaphase 2 oocytes. Human oocytes exposed to cyclophosphamide and PSC 833 showed cell death with the use of two different viability assays compared with control samples and those exposed to cyclophosphamide alone. Immunoblots detected MDR-1 in all oocytes, with the greatest accumulation in the geminal vesicle stage. CONCLUSION(S): Oocytes have a vast repertoire of active MDRs. The implications of this study are that these protective mechanisms are important during oogenesis and that these activities change with maturation, increasing susceptibility to toxicants. Future directions may exploit the up-regulation of these transporters during gonadotoxic therapy.
Subject(s)
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism , Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity , Cyclophosphamide/toxicity , Oocytes/drug effects , Oogenesis/drug effects , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism , Biological Transport , Cell Death/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Cyclophosphamide/metabolism , Cyclosporins/pharmacology , Cytoprotection , Female , Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation , Mice , Oocytes/metabolism , Oocytes/pathology , RNA, Messenger/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the laboratory and clinical outcomes of estrogen-suppressed in vitro maturation (ES-IVM), a novel IVM protocol that eliminates the need for FSH stimulation and cycle monitoring. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Academic infertility center. PATIENT(S): Eighteen infertile couples undergoing ES-IVM (n = 20). Eligible candidates included women ≤38 years old with either polycystic ovarian syndrome, antral follicle count ≥15, and/or history of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. INTERVENTION(S): ES-IVM. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURE(S): Oocyte yield, maturation, fertilization, embryo quality, implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live-birth rate were analyzed. RESULT(S): The average number of oocytes retrieved was 16.7 ± 5.9, with a 52.1% maturation rate and a 58% fertilization rate by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The average number of embryos transferred was 2.85 ± 0.6. The implantation rate was 17.5%, the clinical pregnancy rate was 40%, and the live-birth rate was 40%. CONCLUSION(S): The efficiency of ES-IVM appears to be similar to natural cycle and low-stimulation IVM protocols with respect to laboratory and clinical outcomes, while eliminating the need for FSH stimulation and cycle monitoring.
