ABSTRACT
Screening measures for depression developed in high-income countries have not always demonstrated strong psychometric properties in South Africa and with people living with HIV (PLWH). The present study explored the psychometric properties of the 16-item South African Depression Scale (SADS) comprised of idioms of distress specific to isiXhosa culture in PLWH. The SADS was administered to 137 Xhosa-speaking PLWH who met diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) together with the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We conducted exploratory factor analysis, correlation, and reliability statistics. Four factors of the SADS emerged: Sadness, lethargy/burdened, anhedonia/withdrawal, and cognitive/somatic. All factors correlated significantly with the HAM-D and CES-D. Internal consistency of the overall measure was high (α = .89). The SADS promises to be a robust measure of depression in isiXhosa-speaking PLWH in South Africa likely due to the inclusion of local idioms of distress.
Subject(s)
Depression , HIV Infections , Depression/diagnosis , Depression/epidemiology , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , South Africa/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Expenses associated with the defense of a False Claims Act investigation or lawsuit may be covered by insurance. Such coverage may be available through a general liability policy, or in the case of not-for-profit organizations, through a provision added to the organization's directors and officers policy. In either instance, the extent of coverage is determined by the language used in the policy and state law governing interpretation of the insurance policy.
Subject(s)
Fraud/legislation & jurisprudence , Insurance, Liability , Costs and Cost Analysis , Duty to Warn , Fraud/economics , Insurance Claim Reporting/economics , Insurance Claim Reporting/legislation & jurisprudence , Insurance Claim Review , Organizations, Nonprofit/economics , Organizations, Nonprofit/legislation & jurisprudence , Truth Disclosure , United StatesABSTRACT
A patient was seen with a right upper lobe endobronchial mass initially thought to be brochogenic carcinoma. There was a history of prostatic carcinoma, and subsequent investigation demonstrated a hypernephroma. Thoracotomy and special studies proved the endobronchial metastasis to be prostatic in origin, a rare cause of endobronchial metastasis.
