[Measurement of the pressure, flow and viscosity behavior of liver bile]. / Messungen zum Druck-, Fluss- und Viskositätsverhalten von Lebergalle.

The physical and dynamic condition of the liver-gall was examined. Flow-condition as the basis for intraoperational gallducts, already applied method of operation, was analysed. Our results show, the dynamic condition of liver-gall included in the law of Hagen-Poisseuille in the gall-flowing, do not have structured-viscosity and that the liver-gall is approximately identical to the Newton-fluid. A new method of examining the intraoperative flow and pressure measurement is suggested.

Effects of prestimulatory carbogen inhalation on noise-induced temporary threshold shifts in humans and chinchilla.

Human subjects and chinchilla breathed either Carbogen or compressed air prior to high level sound stimulation. Following stimulation, threshold shifts and recovery to prestimulation thresholds were monitored. Behavioral audiometry was used for human subjects and electrocochleography was utilized to measure noise-induced threshold shifts in the animals. Results were similar for both human and animal subjects in that preinhalation of Carbogen (05 percent 02 and 5 percent CO2) was seen to decrease the amount of temporary threshold shift (TTS) and to increase recovery rate. Further, histologic study of a limited sample of the experimental animals suggested a notable reduction in the amount of sensory cell damage in subjects that breathed Carbogen before sound stimulation. To follow up on this encouraging indication, an additional experiment was conducted to investigate any differences between Carbogen-treated and non-Carbogen-treated animals with respect to histologically observable high level noise exposure damage. The follow-up experiment resulted in strong evidence that Carbogen inhalation prior to intense sound stimulation decreases the susceptibility to hair cell damage. Carbogen-treated chinchilla sustained cochlear sensory cell damage ranging between 1.1 percent and 1.5 percent, whereas non-Carbogen-treated, noise-exposed chinchilla were found to have between 1.6 percent and 4.6 percent sensory cell damage. The use of Carbogen in prophylactic treatment for unavoidable or accidental noise exposure is discussed.

[Exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. / Hinweise zur Durchführung der explorativen Laparotomie und Splenektomie bei Lymphogranulomatose

In the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease the histological investigation of the spleen, liver and abdominal lymph nodes in connection with exploratory laparotomy are necessary for staging and planning the therapy.

[Critical remarks on the symptom of "thought insertion" (author's transl)]. / Kritische Anmerkungen über die Gedankeneingebung

"Thought insertion" is one of Kurt Schneider's first rank symptoms of schizophrenia. Earlier, Karl Jaspers had made a finer distinction, differentiating between "thought insertion in a narrower sense" and "made thoughts." However, most German and English writers have dispensed with the Jasperian criteria for this differentiation and consequently their use of the term "thought insertion" is broader. Such authors, including Kurt Schneider and Weitbrecht, usually speak of "thought insertion", "made thoughts", and "influencing of thoughts" as if they were identical phenomena. In contrast, Jaspers' differentiation offers us the possibility of more clearly distinguishing such symptoms and thus his distinction should not be neglected. Furthermore, the Jasperian criteria can be logically and usefully extended to all "made and passivity experiences" enabling one to recognise four aspects of such phenomena. Some general differential diagnostic considerations with respect to "thought insertion" are then presented.