A new family of yeast vectors and S288C-derived strains for the systematic analysis of gene function.

The yeast genome has been shown to contain a significant number of gene families with more than three members. In order to study these families it is often necessary to generate strains carrying deletions of all members of the family, which can require a wide range of auxotrophic markers. To facilitate such studies, we have generated yeast strains containing deletions of a selection of nutritional marker genes (ade2, ade4, ade8, met3 and met14). We have also cloned the corresponding cognate genes, allowing their use in PCR-based gene disruptions. Two new pRS family Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Escherichia coli shuttle vectors containing ADE8 (one low-copy, pRS4110, and one high-copy, pRS4210) have been produced for use in conjunction with the new strains. A system for easier synthetic lethal screening using one of these new markers is also presented. The ADE8 and HIS3 genes have been cloned together on a high-copy vector (pRS4213), providing a plasmid for red-white colour screening in the ade2 Delta 0 ade8 Delta 0 strains we have generated. In contrast to some conventional systems, this plasmid allows for screening using gene libraries constructed in URA3 plasmids.

Structural genomics on the web.

In this review we provide a brief guide to some of the resources and databases that can be used to locate information and aid research in the growing field of structural genomics. The review will provide examples, for less experienced users, of what can be achieved using a selection of the available sites. We hope that this will encourage you to use these sites to their full potential and whet your appetite to search for other related sites.

Featured organism: Arabidopsis thaliana.

Arabidopsis is universally acknowledged as the model for dicotyledonous crop plants. Furthermore, some of the information gleaned from this small plant can be used to aid work on monocotyledonous crops. Here we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and resources for the study of this important model plant, with comments on future prospects in the field from Professor Pamela Green and Dr Sean May.

Meeting highlights: genome sequencing and biology 2001.

We bring you a report from the CSHL Genome Sequencing and Biology Meeting, which has a long and prestigious history. This year there were sessions on large-scale sequencing and analysis, polymorphisms (covering discovery and technologies and mapping and analysis), comparative genomics of mammalian and model organism genomes, functional genomics and bioinformatics.

Featured organism: reductive evolution in bacteria: Buchnera sp., Rickettsia prowazekii and Mycobacterium leprae.

Obligate intracellular bacteria commonly have much reduced genome sizes compared to their nearest free-living relatives. One reason for this is reductive evolution: the loss of genes rendered non-essential due to the intracellular habitat. This can occur because of the presence of orthologous genes in the host, combined with the ability of the bacteria to import the protein or metabolite products of the host genes. In this article we take a look at three such bacteria whose genomes have been fully sequenced. Buchnera is an endosymbiont of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, the relationship between these two organisms being so essential that neither can reproduce in the absence of the other. Rickettsia prowazekii is the causative agent of louse-borne typhus in humans and Mycobacterium leprae infection of humans leads to leprosy. Both of these human pathogens have fastidious growth requirements, which has made them very difficult to study.

Website review: protein-protein interactions on the web.

We present a brief guide to resources on the Internet relating to Protein-Protein Interactions. These include databases containing experimentally verified and computationally inferred physical and functional interactions. There are also tools for predicting interactions and for extracting information on interactions from the literature, and organism specific databases.

Featured organism: pathogen special: Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Xylella fastidiosa.

One could almost say that it is the latest fashion to sequence a bacterial genome. However, this would belittle the efforts of those working on these important organisms, whose data will greatly help those working on the prevention of disease in the fields of medicine and agriculture. In this feature we present a guided tour of the latest additions to the 'sequenced microbes' club. Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, which is still a threat in countries with poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for a large proportion of opportunistic human infections, typically infecting those with compromised immune systems, particularly cystic fibrosis patients, those patients on respirators and burn victims. Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogen that attacks citrus fruits by blocking the xylem, resulting in juiceless fruits of no commercial value.

Meeting highlights: beyond the genome 2000: the 18th International Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

The meeting was held on 16-20 July 2000 at the International Convention Centre in Birmingham, UK, and was co-organized by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and the Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS). Although the meeting had a broad subject area, the emphasis was firmly placed on post-genomic studies, and hence several sessions should be of interest to our readers. We provide highlights of these sessions, bringing you a report on the most exciting and informative presentations.

Featured organism: Danio rerio, the zebrafish.

The zebrafish has long been a favourite model for the study of vertebrate development. Here we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and resources for the study of this fish, with comments on the future direction of zebrafish genomics from Professor Mark Fishman and Dr Stephen Wilson.

Website review: UK CropNet.

This review explores the UK CropNet site. The project is aimed at aiding the comparative mapping of cereal and other crop genomes. The site provides software tools for use by those working on genome mapping, and access to an array of databases that will be of interest to all members of the plant genomics research community, using several ACeDB interfaces. All screen views from the website are reproduced with the kind permission of Dr Sean May, Director, Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre (NASC).

Website review: The Jackson Laboratory Mouse Genome Informatics Site: version 2.3.2.

Site authors: Mouse Genome Informatics, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine. Project PI: Janan Eppig. All screen views from the website are reproduced with the kind permission of Janan Eppig.

Exploring redundancy in the yeast genome: an improved strategy for use of the cre-loxP system.

Gene families having more than three members are a common phenomenon in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. As yeast research enters the post-genome era, the development of existing deletion strategies is crucial for tackling this apparent redundancy, hence a method for performing rapid multiple gene disruptions in this organism has been developed. We constructed three replacement cassettes in which different selectable markers were placed between two loxP loci. Multiple deletions (of members of a gene family) were generated, in one strain, using sequential integration of different replacement markers (kanMX, LYS2, KlURA3 and SpHIS5). Their excision from the genome was performed simultaneously, as the final step, using a new cre recombinase vector, which carries the cycloheximide-resistance gene from Candida maltosa as a selectable marker. Our multiple gene deletion system significantly accelerates and facilitates the functional analysis process and is particularly useful for studying gene families in either laboratory or industrial yeast strains.

Caenorhabditis elegans.

Transparent, free-living nematode worm. Unsegmented body plan with full set of differentiated tissues (neural, endoderm, ectoderm and muscle). Genome size approximately 97 Mb, as five autosomes and one X sex chromosome. Fully sequenced genome, which comprises approximately 20 000 predicted genes. Defined cell lineage. Has made major contribution to studies of development, cell-to-cell signalling, cell ageing and cell death processes. Large-scale gene deletion, microarray analysis of gene expression and two-hybrid protein interaction analysis projects under way. Comparative studies mainly with C. briggsae, but also with other free-living and parasitic nematodes.