Adherence to the 2021 dietary guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology on cardiovascular disease prevention in residents of the Pomeranian Voivodeship with increased cardiovascular risk.

INTRODUCTION: Good eating habits can reduce cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to verify the compliance with the new European Society of Cardiology (ESC) dietary guidelines in people with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 1244 current or former smokers (636 men and 608 women) at a mean (SD) age of 61.6 (6.4) years who volunteered for the MOLTEST BIS lung cancer prevention program. During the program, 49% of the patients were diagnosed with one of the following: arterial hypertension (AH), diabetes mellitus (DM), or coronary artery disease (CAD). The patients with lung cancer were excluded from the study. The participants completed a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ­6) and their food intake was assessed with a 24­hour dietary recall method. RESULTS: Only 2% of the studied individuals declared consuming more than 2 servings of both fruits and vegetables every day, and only 3% of the respondents confirmed daily nut consumption. Most of them weighed too much, consumed too little fiber, and derived too much energy from total and saturated fats. The mean animal to plant protein ratio was higher than recommended, as was the omega­6 to omega­3 fatty acid ratio. Only 40% of the participants with AH, DM, or CAD had a daily cholesterol intake below 200 mg, and in only 12% of them less than 7% of total energy came from saturated fats. CONCLUSIONS: The smokers with increased cardiovascular risk did not comply with the 2021 ESC dietary recommendations. The most common error was inadequate consumption of vegetables, fruits, and nuts.

Inappropriate dietary habits in tobacco smokers as a potential risk factor for lung cancer: Pomeranian cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known whether diet quality modulates lung cancer risk in smokers. The aim of the study was to assess the dietary habits of a large group of volunteers participating in the lung cancer screening program. METHODS: The 62-item food frequency questionaire was completed by 5997 participants, 127 of whom (2.1%) were later diagnosed with lung cancer. Two approaches were applied to identify dietary habits. The non-healthy diet index was calculated, and a direct analysis of the frequency of consumption was used. A logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the association between food product intake and the risk of lung cancer. RESULTS: The study population did not follow the Polish nutritional recommendations. They consumed fruits and vegetables too rarely and far too often ate non-recommended foods, such as processed meat, refined products, sugar, sweets, and salty snacks. Participants diagnosed with lung cancer more often consumed low-quality processed meat, red meat, fats, and refined bread and less often whole-grain products, tropical fruits, milk, fermented unsweetened milk drinks, nuts, honey, and wine. The non-healthy diet index score was significantly higher in those with cancer diagnosis compared with those without lung cancer (11.9 ± 5.2 versus 10.9 ± 5.3; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The surveyed population of smokers did not follow dietary recommendations; there was a particularly high index of an unhealthy diet in by people diagnosed with lung cancer. Prevention programs should be based on encouraging smoking cessation, lifestyle modification, and methods of early detection of lung cancer. Lifestyle modification should include changing eating habits based on a healthy diet, which may be an additional factor in reducing the risk of developing cancer.

Mediterranean, vegetarian and vegan diets as practical outtakes of EAS and ACC/AHA recommendations for lowering lipid profile.

Reduction of total cholesterol (TC) and LDL fraction (LDL-C) may be beneficial towards decreasing the risk of development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). First and foremost, before implementing or simultaneously with pharmacological treatment, patients should be informed about lifestyle changes that may be critical to achieving a better lipid profile. Recommendations from ACC/AHA (American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association) and EAS (European Atherosclerosis Society) mainly focus on limitation of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans fatty acids (TFA) consumption, but additional support could be considered. This review presents selected guidelines of European scientific societies concerning lipid metabolism disorders. The main aim of this manuscript was to present the guidelines how to provide simple and transparent schemes of management in dyslipidemia therapy. Encouraging patients for increasing the intake of soluble fiber (SF) and phytosterols (PS) may also be promoted for achieving therapeutic goals. In the clinical point of view, restoring an appropriate lipid profile is important because it directly reduces the risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The EAS and ACC/AHA guidelines introduce several new demands, so far absent from previous recommendations. Mediterranean diet (MD) or vegetarian lifestyles are an example of diet patterns that are deliberated as healthy for cardio-vascular system, since both consist of fresh, unprocessed vegetables and fruits with addition of desirable fats.