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1.
Molecules ; 29(10)2024 May 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38792027

ABSTRACT

The aim of our study was to develop a gas chromatographic method coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the determination of underivatised neutral (CBDs-N) and acidic (CBDs-A) cannabinoids (CBDs) and cholesterol (Chol). Emphasis was also placed on comparing our original GC-MS method with the currently developed C18-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode detection (C18-HPLC-DAD). A combination of a long GC column, shallow temperature column programme, and mass-spectrometry was employed to avoid issues arising from the overlap between CBDs and Chol and background fluctuations. The pre-column procedure for CBDs and Chol in egg yolks consisted of hexane extractions, whereas the pre-column procedure for CBDs in non-animal samples involved methanol and hexane extractions. CBDs-A underwent decarboxylation to CBDs during GC-MS analyses, and pre-column extraction of the processed sample with NaOH solution allowed for CBD-A removal. No losses of CBDs-N were observed in the samples extracted with NaOH solution. GC-MS analyses of the samples before and after extraction with NaOH solution enabled the quantification of CBDs-A and CBDs-N. CBDs-A did not undergo decarboxylation to CBDs-N during C18-HPLC-DAD runs. The use of the C18-HPLC-DAD method allowed simultaneous determination of CBDs-N and CBDs-A. In comparison to the C18-HPLC-DAD method, our GC-MS technique offered improved sensitivity, precision, specificity, and satisfactory separation of underivatised CBDs and Chol from biological materials of endogenous species, especially in hemp and hen egg yolk. The scientific novelty of the present study is the application of the GC-MS method for quantifying underivatised CBDs-A, CBDs-N, and Chol in the samples of interest.


Subject(s)
Cannabinoids , Cholesterol , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Cannabinoids/analysis , Cannabinoids/chemistry , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods , Cholesterol/analysis , Cholesterol/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Animals
2.
Molecules ; 29(9)2024 Apr 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38731433

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate how dietary modifications with pomegranate seed oil (PSO) and bitter melon aqueous extract (BME) affect mineral content in the spleen of rats both under normal physiological conditions and with coexisting mammary tumorigenesis. The diet of Sprague-Dawley female rats was supplemented either with PSO or with BME, or with a combination for 21 weeks. A chemical carcinogen (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) was applied intragastrically to induce mammary tumors. In the spleen of rats, the selected elements were determined with a quadrupole mass spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma ionization (ICP-MS). ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in elemental composition among experimental groups. Multivariate statistical methods were used to discover whether some subtle dependencies exist between experimental factors and thus influence the element content. Experimental factors affected the splenic levels of macroelements, except for potassium. Both diet modification and the cancerogenic process resulted in significant changes in the content of Fe, Se, Co, Cr, Ni, Al, Sr, Pb, Cd, B, and Tl in rat spleen. Chemometric analysis revealed the greatest impact of the ongoing carcinogenic process on the mineral composition of the spleen. The obtained results may contribute to a better understanding of peripheral immune organ functioning, especially during the neoplastic process, and thus may help develop anticancer prevention and treatment strategies.


Subject(s)
Momordica charantia , Plant Extracts , Plant Oils , Pomegranate , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Spleen , Animals , Spleen/drug effects , Spleen/metabolism , Female , Rats , Pomegranate/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Momordica charantia/chemistry , Plant Oils/chemistry , Plant Oils/pharmacology , Dietary Supplements , Seeds/chemistry , Breast Neoplasms/chemically induced , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
3.
Cancers (Basel) ; 16(3)2024 Jan 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38339233

ABSTRACT

The spleen, traditionally associated with blood filtration and immune surveillance, has recently been recognized for its role in systemic lipid metabolism and potential influence on cancer development and progression. This study investigates effects of dietary supplements, specifically conjugated linolenic acids from pomegranate seed oil and bitter melon extract, on the fatty acid (FA) composition of the spleen in the context of cancerous processes. Advanced methods, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and silver ion-impregnated high-performance liquid chromatography, were employed to analyze the spleen's FA profile. Our research uncovered that dietary supplementation leads to alterations in the spleen's FA profile, especially under the carcinogenic influence of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. These changes did not align with a simple protective or anti-carcinogenic pattern, as previously suggested in in vitro studies. We observed shifts in conjugated FA isomer concentrations and variations in desaturase activities, suggesting disrupted lipid metabolism in cancerous conditions. The findings underscore the spleen's vital role in lipid metabolism within the body's systemic health framework, highlighting the complexity of dietary supplements' impact on FA profiles in the spleen and their potential implications in cancer progression and treatment. This study adds valuable insight into the complex interplay between diet, disease, and metabolic regulation, particularly in cancerous environments.

4.
Animals (Basel) ; 14(1)2023 Dec 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38200864

ABSTRACT

The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of 0.35 mg Se/kg basal diet (BD) (Se as sodium selenate (Se6) and yeast rich in seleno-methionine (SeYe)) and 0.1% carnosic acid (CA) supplementation to the diet containing 1% fish oil (F-O) and 2% rapeseed oil (R-O) on the contents of fatty acids (FA), malondialdehyde (MDA), tocopherols (Ts), and total cholesterol (TCh) in lambs' spleens. A total of 24 male lambs (4 groups per 6 animals) have been fed: the control diet-the basal diet (BD) enriched in F-O and R-O; the CA diet-BD enriched in F-O, R-O, and CA; the SeYeCA diet-BD enriched in F-O, R-O, CA, and SeYe; the Se6CA diet-BD enriched in F-O, R-O, CA, and Se6. Dietary modifications affected the profiles of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids in spleens. The SeYeCA and Se6CA diets increased the docosapentaenoic acid preference in Δ4-desaturase; hence, a higher content of docosahexaenoic acid was found in the spleens of SeYe- or Se6-treated lambs than in spleens of animals receiving the CA and control diets. The SeYeCA and Se6CA diets increased the concentration ratio of n-3long-chain PUFA (n-3LPUFA) to FA (n-3LPUFA/FA) in spleens compared to the control and CA diets. The content of n-3PUFA was higher in the spleens of Se6 treated lambs than in spleens of animals receiving the SeYeCA, CA, and control diets. The Se6CA diet increased the content of c9t11CLA in the spleen compared to the control, CA, and SeYeCA diets. Experimental diets reduced the level of atherogenic FA, the content ratios of n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA and n-6LPUFA/n-3LPUFA, and improved the content ratio of MUFA/FA and the value of the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic FA ratio in the spleen in comparison with the control diet. The experimental diets supplemented with SeYe or Se6 increased levels of TCh and Ts in spleens in comparison with the CA and control CA diets. The present studies documented that Se6, SeYe, and CA influenced the metabolism of FA, Ts, and cholesterol in spleens.

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