CT appearance of common cosmetic and reconstructive surgical procedures and their complications.

In this review, we illustrate the spectrum of imaging features after plastic surgical procedures including transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap, deep inferior epigastric perforators flap, latissimus dorsi flap, liposuction, abdominoplasty, and buttocks augmentation. Examples of complications, including seromas, abscesses, fat necrosis, abdominal hernia, and flap necrosis, will also be discussed.

Gallstone empyema complicating laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Empyema may rarely present as a delayed complication after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients with this complication invariably have associated dropped gallstones in the peritoneal cavity. The gallstones may erode through the diaphragm or migrate through preexisting defects in the diaphragm. The latter are seen in over 50% of the elderly population and may predispose them to this rare complication.

Swallowing physiology of toddlers with long-term tracheostomies: a preliminary study.

This study investigated the swallowing physiology of toddler-aged patients with long-term tracheostomies. Structural movements and motility of the pharyngeal stage of swallowing were studied in four toddlers ranging in age from 1:2 (years:months) to 2:9 with long-term tracheostomies. A patient aged 1:2 years with no tracheostomy served as a toddler model for comparison. Videofluoroscopic recordings of the patients' liquid and puree bolus swallows were analyzed for a) onset times for pharyngeal stage events, laryngeal vestibule closure, and tracheostomy tube movement; b) timeliness of swallow response initiation; and c) pharyngeal transport function. Results found differences in timing of pharyngeal stage movements between the tracheostomized patients and the patient with no tracheostomy. Laryngeal vestibule closure occurred before or within the same 0.033-s video frame as onset of upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening in the patient with no tracheostomy, but occurred 0.033-.099 s after onset of UES opening in the tracheostomized patients. The time line required to close the laryngeal vestibule once the arytenoids began their anterior movement was longer in the tracheostomized patients than in the patient with no tracheostomy and was associated with laryngeal penetration. The patient with no tracheostomy displayed superior excursion of the arytenoid and epiglottis during the swallowing; the tracheostomized patients did not. No association was found between onset of tracheostomy tube movement and laryngeal vestibule closure. Delayed swallow response initiation was observed across tracheostomized patients at a mean frequency of 45% with associated penetration. Pharyngeal dysmotility was not observed. Findings supported the concept that long-term tracheostomy in toddler-aged patients affects swallowing physiology.

The esophagus.

Original investigations and descriptions of the radiographic findings and techniques of evaluation of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction were made at The Mount Sinai Hospital by Drs. Bernard S. Wolf and colleagues in the third quarter of the 20th century. These included basic descriptions of peptic ulceration of the esophagus, the gastric lined esophagus, definitions of hiatus hernia, terminology of the esophagogastric junction, use of the barium pill and correlations of cineradiology with manometry.

Reengineering a radiology department in an academic institution.

OBJECTIVE: A 1-year program was undertaken in conjunction with an outside consultant to cut nonphysician labor expenses by 15%, cut nonlabor expenses by 10%, and improve all service parameters in an academic radiology department. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A steering committee decided on five major goal teams: improve report turnaround time and improve patient throughput, increase the efficiency of performance and improve the quality of radiologic examinations, decrease the cost of each examination, improve charge capture, and improve the perception of the department. The goal teams met at least every 2 weeks, made presentations to the steering committee at midyear, and were then disbanded. The steering committee implemented changes in the second half of the year and continues to meet every 2 weeks. Data were obtained from the radiology information system, financial statements, and surveys. RESULTS: In the first year, report turnaround time decreased from 157 hr to 83 hr (and to 46 hr at 2 years), the efficiency of performing examinations (according to our criteria) improved from 64% to 80%, the quality of examinations improved, labor costs were reduced by 5% (and by 11% at 2 years), nonlabor costs were reduced by 14% (and by 31% at 2 years), cost per examination was reduced by 10% (and by 16% at 2 years), increased charge capture resulted in an annual increase in professional fees of at least $110,000, and the perception of the department by referring clinicians improved. CONCLUSION: It is possible to simultaneously cut expenses and improve service. To gauge progress, objective parameters that can be measured easily are necessary.

Radiology in intestinal ischemia. Angiographic diagnosis and management.

Angiography is an essential component of the diagnosis and treatment of patients with acute and chronic intestinal ischemia. Aortography and selective angiography permit identification of the cause and precise anatomy of intestinal ischemic syndromes, and also help plan their potential correction. Direct intra-arterial infusion of pharmacologic agents into splanchnic vessels has now become part of the therapy of these conditions. This article reviews angiographic techniques and their applications in the management of intestinal ischemic syndromes.

Radiology in intestinal ischemia. Plain film, contrast, and other imaging studies.

Because plain films are usually normal or nonspecific in both colonic and acute mesenteric ischemia, they are not diagnostically helpful. The barium enema is the most useful radiographic examination in the diagnosis of colonic ischemia, and a double-contrast study will show abnormalities in almost all cases. Findings specific for colonic ischemia characteristically change with time. Thumbprinting is the most diagnostic finding; it is seen early in the course of the disease and usually resolves or is replaced within 1 or 2 weeks by an acute ulcerating colitis pattern. The latter may heal over months or go on to stricture formation or a persistent colitis. Nonspecific abnormalities can also be identified on CT and ultrasound, but the incidence of the findings with colonic ischemia is not known. Plain film findings occur late in the course of acute mesenteric ischemia and thus cannot be relied on for the diagnosis, although they may be useful in excluding other conditions. When acute mesenteric ischemia is suspected, angiography should be performed, but CT, ultrasound, and, perhaps, MR imaging may contribute to the diagnosis.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Two patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and infectious esophagitis developed squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic presentations in both cases were atypical. One patient developed a focal flat lesion that imitated segmental esophagitis, and the other patient developed a superficially spreading carcinoma that mimicked diffuse esophagitis. In the setting of AIDS, a changing radiographic or endoscopic mucosal pattern requires biopsy to exclude the possibility of a superimposed squamous cell carcinoma.

Problems in the colonoscopic localization of tumors: continued value of the barium enema.

Six patients in whom errors of diagnosis and therapy occurred because of reliance on colonoscopic tumor localization are presented. Three of the patients required a second laparotomy for surgical resection of a tumor that was missed at the first exploration. While endoscopy is regarded as the diagnostic gold standard, there are problems in its use for colonoscopic localization. Reliance on distance measurements may be misleading. Anatomical variants can be confusing. For this reason, a preoperative barium enema for precise delineation and localization of tumors is recommended. When a barium enema is not feasible, such as when a malignant polyp has been removed endoscopically, preoperative endoscopic localization with injection of India ink or intraoperative colonoscopy must be performed.

Radiographic appearance of the esophagus and stomach after laser treatment of obstructing carcinoma.

Nd:YAG laser therapy is an attractive palliative treatment for carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Twenty-five patients with these tumors underwent laser therapy over a 2-year period, receiving a total of 52 courses of therapy with 189 treatments. Treatments per course averaged 3.6, with a mean of two courses per patient. Luminal diameter is increased with this method; symptomatic improvement in dysphagia occurred in all patients after one course of therapy. Radiographic improvement also is seen. The complication rate in this series was four (2.1%) of 189 procedures, consisting of one perforation, one tracheoesophageal fistula, one pneumopericardium, and one pneumoperitoneum without leak.

Gastrointestinal complications of AIDS: radiologic features.

The radiologic features were examined in a retrospective review of 25 patients with gastrointestinal complications of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Factors of risk for AIDS present in these patients included homosexuality (n = 10), intravenous drug abuse (n = 7), multiple blood transfusions (n = 1), and unconfirmed or unknown factors (n = 7). Gastrointestinal abnormalities identified on radiologic studies (including upper gastrointestinal, small bowel, and barium enema studies) were correlated with histopathologic specimens and the results of bacteriologic, viral, fungal, and parasitologic studies. The most common disorders (88%) were candidal esophagitis and cytomegaloviral colitis; neoplastic involvement of the gastrointestinal tract was far less common (12%), with only two patients (8%) having Kaposi sarcoma. Gastrointestinal studies, which can provide useful if not always definitive diagnostic information, are recommended to precede more invasive diagnostic studies in evaluating patients with suspected AIDS.

Cytomegalovirus colitis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: radiologic spectrum.

Six cases of cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis are described. The radiographic manifestations of this colitis are nonspecific and usually mimic the findings of ulcerative colitis with diffuse mucosal ulceration or granulomatous colitis with aphthous ulceration and skip areas. Terminal ileal involvement was noted in 1 patient. Nonspecific edema was present in 2 other cases. One patient demonstrated unusual cecal and ascending colonic nodularity due to pseudomembranes and, in another, large, flat discrete ulcerations were identified. Angiography, in 1 case, demonstrated marked hypervascularity and identified a site of hemorrhage in the ascending colon. With the radiographic identification of colitis in an immunocompromised patient, particularly a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), CMV colitis must be strongly considered in the differential diagnosis. Endoscopic biopsy is the most effective method of establishing the diagnosis.

Radiologic demonstration of important gastrostomy tube complications.

Complications of gastrostomy tubes have been reported principally in the surgical literature and primarily affecting infants and children. Recent reports in the radiologic literature draw attention to the role of the radiologist in the evaluation of these complications.

Feasibility of double-contrast barium enema in the elderly.

In order to evaluate the feasibility of performing double-contrast barium enemas in the elderly, a consecutive series of 310 patients above 60 years of age referred for barium enema examinations was analyzed relative to the rate of successful studies. There was an overall success rate of 94.8%. There was a 99% success rate in patients in the seventh decade, 94.9% in the eighth decade, and a 90% success rate in patients 80 years and over. A conclusion is reached that the double-contrast barium enema examination is feasible in the elderly.

Simulation of colonic carcinoma by ischemia.

Nine cases of colonic ischemia are presented in which an initial diagnosis of carcinoma was made from roentgenographic, endoscopic, or intraoperative appearance of the lesion. The clinical features were insufficient to differentiate colonic ischemia from carcinoma. In 7 patients a barium enema was interpreted as, or consistent with, carcinoma. In 3 of these patients colonoscopy also suggested malignancy. In 2 patients, endoscopy suggested a neoplasm but no barium enema was performed. Endoscopic biopsies when performed were negative for malignancy. Three patients were considered to have cancer from the gross appearance of the lesion at laparotomy. Routine use of both barium enema and colonoscopy in patients with suspected colonic neoplasms will usually identify the ischemic nature of lesions incorrectly diagnosed by one technique or the other. In the uncommon patient in whom both studies suggest a neoplasm, but biopsy specimens are negative for tumor, repeat studies 7-10 days later may identify the evolving nature of ischemic lesions and obviate the need for surgery. When no changes are seen, prompt laparotomy is indicated.

Volvulus of the transverse colon.

A volvulus of the transverse colon in a 78-year-old woman is reported. The diagnosis is established by abdominal film and barium enema with surgical confirmation. Women are more commonly affected than men. There is a higher mortality rate for volvulus of the transverse colon than for either sigmoid or cecal volvulus.