Repeat Rifaximin for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: No Clinically Significant Changes in Stool Microbial Antibiotic Sensitivity.

BACKGROUND: Rifaximin has demonstrated efficacy and safety for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). AIM: To determine the rifaximin repeat treatment effect on fecal bacterial antibiotic susceptibility. METHODS: Patients with IBS in Trial 3 (TARGET 3) study who responded to open-label rifaximin 550 mg three times daily for 2 weeks, with symptom recurrence within 18 weeks, were randomized to double-blind treatment: two 2-week repeat courses of rifaximin or placebo, separated by 10 weeks. Prospective stool sample collection occurred before and after open-label rifaximin, before and after the first repeat course, and at the end of the study. Susceptibility testing was performed with 11 antibiotics, including rifaximin and rifampin, using broth microdilution or agar dilution methods. RESULTS: Of 103 patients receiving open-label rifaximin, 73 received double-blind rifaximin (n = 37) or placebo (n = 36). A total of 1429 bacterial and yeast isolates were identified, of which Bacteroidaceae (36.7%) and Enterobacteriaceae (33.9%) were the most common. In the double-blind phase, Clostridium difficile was highly susceptible to rifaximin [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range 0.008-1 µg/mL] and rifampin (MIC range 0.004-0.25 µg/mL). Following double-blind rifaximin treatment, Staphylococcus isolates remained susceptible to rifaximin at all visits (MIC50 range ≤0.06-32 µg/mL). Rifaximin exposure was not associated with long-term cross-resistance of Bacteroidaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Enterococcaceae to rifampin or nonrifamycin antibiotics tested. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, short-term repeat treatment with rifaximin has no apparent long-term effect on stool microbial susceptibility to rifaximin, rifampin, and nonrifamycin antibiotics. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT01543178.

Magnetotail energy dissipation during an auroral substorm.

Violent releases of space plasma energy from the Earth's magnetotail during substorms produce strong electric currents and bright aurora. But what modulates these currents and aurora and controls dissipation of the energy released in the ionosphere? Using data from the THEMIS fleet of satellites and ground-based imagers and magnetometers, we show that plasma energy dissipation is controlled by field-aligned currents (FACs) produced and modulated during magnetotail topology change and oscillatory braking of fast plasma jets at 10-14 Earth radii in the nightside magnetosphere. FACs appear in regions where plasma sheet pressure and flux tube volume gradients are non-collinear. Faster tailward expansion of magnetotail dipolarization and subsequent slower inner plasma sheet restretching during substorm expansion and recovery phases cause faster poleward then slower equatorward movement of the substorm aurora. Anharmonic radial plasma oscillations build up displaced current filaments and are responsible for discrete longitudinal auroral arcs that move equatorward at a velocity of about 1km/s. This observed auroral activity appears sufficient to dissipate the released energy.

Self-rated sleep characteristics and bother from nocturia.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate if men with varying degrees of bother from a similar number of nocturia episodes differ with respect to self-rated sleep characteristics and fatigue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As part of the baseline assessments during a nocturia treatment trial, 55 participants reported frequency and bother of nocturia using the AUA Symptom Inventory and completed 7-day sleep diaries prior to treatment. Participants who reported moderate nocturia (either two or three episodes nightly) were further grouped into categories of LOW (nocturia is no problem or a very small problem) or HIGH bother (nocturia is a big problem). Information from the participant completed sleep diaries was abstracted, including information on daytime napping, total sleep time, mean time needed to return to sleep, nighttime ratings of fatigue, and daytime ratings of fatigue. RESULTS: Of the 55 individuals who completed the pilot study, 24 study participants reported two or three episodes of nocturia and had either HIGH (n = 11) or LOW (n = 13) bother. Participants categorised with HIGH bother were significantly more likely than those with LOW bother to report difficulty initiating sleep (47.7 ± 34.4 vs. 23.5 ± 13.6 min, p = 0.05), difficulty returning to sleep after an awakening (28.9 ± 16.1 vs. 15.4 ± 9.6 min, p = 0.03) and greater morning fatigue (3.3 ± 0.7 vs. 2.5 ± 1.0, p = 0.04 on a 7-point scale). CONCLUSIONS: Since bother related to nocturia is linked to sleep quality, interventions targeting fatigue and sleep maintenance may provide useful targets in the management of nocturia in men.

Behavioral therapy to treat urinary incontinence in Parkinson disease.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and efficacy of exercise-based behavioral therapy to treat urinary incontinence (UI) in older adults with Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS: Participants with PD ≥50 years with ≥4 UI episodes on a 7-day bladder diary were recruited from movement disorders clinics. In 5 visits over 8 weeks, participants learned pelvic floor muscle exercises using computer-assisted EMG biofeedback, and bladder control strategies including urge suppression. Bladder diaries were used to reinforce techniques and monitor the primary outcome of UI frequency. Secondary outcomes included additional reporting of lower urinary tract symptoms, symptom bother, and quality of life (QOL) using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire for overactive bladder (ICIQ-OAB). RESULTS: Twenty participants were enrolled (90% male, age 66.5 ± 6.2 [mean ± SD], with PD for 6.9 ± 5.4 years) and 17 completed the study. The median (interquartile range) weekly frequency of baseline UI episodes was 9 (4-11) and following intervention was 1 (0-3), representing an 83.3% reduction (45.5-100.0, p = 0.0001). QOL scores on the ICIQ-OAB improved from 71.1 ± 23.9 to 54.7 ± 15.4 (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In this uncontrolled pilot study of an exercise-based, biofeedback-assisted behavioral intervention, older participants with PD demonstrated statistically significant and clinically meaningful reductions in frequency of UI and improvement in QOL. Randomized controlled trials to assess behavioral therapies for UI in patients with PD are warranted. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class IV evidence that exercise-based, biofeedback-assisted behavioral intervention can reduce UI frequency in patients >50 years old with PD.

A study of the efficacy and safety of irbesartan in combination with conventional therapy, including ACE inhibitors, in heart failure. Irbesartan Heart Failure Group.

Because heart failure therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may not be optimal, owing to persistent levels of angiotensin II occurring through incomplete blockade and alternate pathways, the benefit of adding irbesartan, an angiotensin receptor antagonist, to conventional therapy, including ACE inhibitors, was examined. In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 109 patients with heart failure (New York Heart Association functional class II and III) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < or = 40% received stable doses of ACE inhibitors and diuretics before and throughout the study. Irbesartan was titrated as tolerated to 150 mg once daily in all patients. Exercise tolerance time (ETT), LVEF and clinical status were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Compared with placebo, irbesartan in combination with conventional therapy, including ACE inhibitors, produced favourable trends in ETT and LVEF and was well tolerated in patients with mild to moderate heart failure.

Digital assessment of the epicardial electrocardiogram: novel methodology for a core laboratory for clinical studies.

BACKGROUND: The epicardial electrocardiogram (ECG) is a sensitive marker for cardiac ischemia and has been used as a measure of ischemia in clinical trials. We sought to examine the utility of a central ECG laboratory for determining ischemic-type ST-segment shifts from epicardial ECG recordings obtained from multiple clinical sites. HYPOTHESIS: We speculated that an operator-assisted digital ECG core laboratory is feasible, reliable, and efficient, with the ability for rapid and accurate interpretation of the epicardial ECG. METHODS: The epicardial ECG was recorded via an angioplasty guidewire placed in a coronary artery of a patient undergoing angioplasty. Site investigators visually determined the time-to-onset of 0.1 and 0.3 mm ST-segment elevation, and the maximal ST-segment elevation during balloon inflation, and then compared the measurements with those made at an operator-assisted digital ECG core laboratory. RESULTS: Agreement between the two methods occurred in 78% of the time-to-onset measurements, but in only 39% of the maximal ST-segment measurements. Overall, the visual measurements of the clinical investigators of time-to-onset differed from the digital core laboratory by 11.8 +/- 11.6 s for 0.1 mV, and 15.8 +/- 20.6 s for 0.3 mV. Recorded maximal ST-segment shifts differed by a mean of 0.47 +/- 0.69 mV. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of inconsistency between the ECG core laboratory results using an operator-assisted digital method and the interpretations of clinical investigators using manual caliper-type analysis was surprisingly large. These results support the need for an ECG core laboratory in clinical trials where ECG ST-segment shifts are used as a response variable.

Dose-related beneficial long-term hemodynamic and clinical efficacy of irbesartan in heart failure.

OBJECTIVES: The primary purpose of this study was to determine the acute and long-term hemodynamic and clinical effects of irbesartan in patients with heart failure. BACKGROUND: Inhibition of angiotensin II production by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure. Irbesartan is an orally active antagonist of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor subtype with potential efficacy in heart failure. METHODS: Two hundred eighteen patients with symptomatic heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class II-IV) and left ventricular ejection fraction < or = 40% participated in the study. Serial hemodynamic measurements were made over 24 h following randomization to irbesartan 12.5 mg, 37.5 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg or placebo. After the first dose of study medication, patients receiving placebo were reallocated to one of the four irbesartan doses, treatment was continued for 12 weeks and hemodynamic measurements were repeated. RESULTS: Irbesartan induced significant dose-related decreases in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (average change -5.9+/-0.9 mm Hg and -5.3+/-0.9 mm Hg for irbesartan 75 mg and 150 mg, respectively) after 12 weeks of therapy without causing reflex tachycardia and without increasing plasma norepinephrine. The neurohormonal effects of irbesartan were highly variable and none of the changes was statistically significant. There was a significant dose-related decrease in the percentage of patients discontinuing study medication because of worsening heart failure. Irbesartan was well tolerated without evidence of dose-related cough or azotemia. CONCLUSIONS: Irbesartan, at once-daily doses of 75 mg and 150 mg, induced sustained hemodynamic improvement and prevented worsening heart failure.

Stimulation and binding of myocardial phospholipase C by phosphatidic acid.

Exposure of adult ventricular myocytes to exogenous natural phosphatidic acid results in the production of inositol phosphates by unknown mechanism(s). We characterized stimulation of myocytic phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) by synthetic dioleoyl phosphatidic acid (PA) as a potential mechanism for modulation of inositol phosphate production. Our data demonstrate that exogenous PA, at 10(-8)-10(-5) M, caused a concentration-dependent increase in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in adult rabbit ventricular myocytes. PA also caused a concentration-dependent increase in in vitro activity of myocytic PLC in the presence or absence of ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). PLC-delta 1, the predominant isozyme of PLC expressed in adult rabbit ventricular myocytes, bound to liposomes of PA with high affinity in the presence of EGTA. The phosphomonoester group of PA was critical to in vitro stimulation of myocytic PLC activity and high-affinity binding of PLC-delta 1. We propose that binding of PLC-delta 1 to phosphatidic acid may be a novel mechanism for dynamic membrane association and modulation of PLC in adult ventricular myocytes.

Phosphatidic acid increases in response to noradrenaline and endothelin-1 in adult rabbit ventricular myocytes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess whether noradrenaline and endothelin-1 can stimulate endogenous production of phosphatidic acid in adult ventricular myocytes. METHODS: After stimulation of rabbit ventricular myocytes with noradrenaline and endothelin-1, total lipids were extracted using the Bligh and Dyer procedure and separated by thin layer chromatography, and phosphatidic acid was quantified using photodensitometric analysis of visualised lipids with CuSO4/H3PO4. RESULTS: Noradrenaline (10(-5) M) elicited a rapid increase in phosphatidic acid at 2 min, followed by a decrease at 5 min. A second delayed and sustained increase in phosphatidic acid occurred at 10 min. The response to noradrenaline (10(-9) to 10(-5) M) was concentration dependent with a half maximum response (EC50) of 3.1 x 10(-8) M and the maximum effect at 10(-6) M. The increase in phosphatidic acid production in response to noradrenaline was abolished by an alpha 1 adrenergic receptor blocking agent (2-[beta-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethylaminomethyl]tetralone) but unaffected by the beta adrenergic blocking agent L-propranolol. An increase in phosphatidic acid was also elicited in rabbit ventricular myocytes in response to endothelin-1. The response was time and concentration dependent with the maximal increase at 12 min, EC50 5.3 x 10(-9) M, and maximum effect at 10(-6) M. Both noradrenalin and endothelin-1 stimulated phosphatidylbutanol production in the presence of butanol (100 mM), indicating that both agonists activate phospholipase D. CONCLUSIONS: Noradrenaline at physiological concentrations elicits both a rapid and a delayed increase in phosphatidic acid in adult rabbit ventricular myocytes. Endothelial-1, at physiological concentrations, also stimulates an increase in the mass of phosphatidic acid in myocytes, but the increase induced by endothelin-1 is monophasic, in contrast to the biphasic response seen during stimulation with noradrenaline. Activation of phospholipase D contributes to the increase in phosphatidic acid seen during stimulation of myocytes with either noradrenaline or endothelin-1. These are the first data to characterise endogenous production of phosphatidic acid in isolated adult ventricular myocytes.

Increased lysophosphatidylcholine content induced by thrombin receptor stimulation in adult rabbit cardiac ventricular myocytes.

OBJECTIVE: The aims were (1) to determine whether thrombin, which is increased in the presence of coronary thrombosis, can directly stimulate the production of lysophosphatidylcholine, which has arrhythmogenic properties, in ventricular myocytes; (2) whether the effect is dependent upon extracellular [Ca2+]; and (3) whether it is mediated directly through stimulation of the thrombin receptor. METHODS: Lipids were extracted from isolated adult rabbit ventricular myocytes and lysophosphatidylcholine was isolated by HPLC and quantified using a recently developed radiometric assay employing 3H-acetic anhydride. RESULTS: Thrombin (0.05 U.ml-1) stimulation of ventricular myocytes resulted in a nearly sixfold increase in lysophosphatidylcholine levels [0.26(SEM 0.03) to 1.61(0.42) nmol.mg-1 protein] within 1 min. The increase in myocytic lysophosphatidylcholine content was prevented by preincubation of thrombin with the proteolytic site inhibitors phenyly-prolyl-arginyl-chloromethyl ketone (PPACK) and dansylarginine N-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl)amide. The increase in lysophosphatidylcholine content in response to thrombin was not present at an extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+)]o) = 500 microM, but was marked at a physiological level of [Ca2+]o = 1.8 mM. Stimulation of myocytes with the thrombin receptor activating peptide SFLLRNPNDKYEPF (100 microM for 1 min) resulted in a similar increase in lysophosphatidylcholine content [1.61(0.27) nmol.mg-1 protein]. CONCLUSIONS: The marked increase in lysophosphatidylcholine content in cardiac myocytes in response to thrombin has important implications as an arrhythmogenic mechanism during early myocardial ischaemia.

Phosphatidic acid stimulates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production in adult cardiac myocytes.

The cellular content of phosphatidic acid can increase in response to several agonists either by phosphorylation of diacylglycerol after phospholipase C-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids or directly through activation of phospholipase D. Although previous findings indicated that the generation of phosphatidic acid was exclusively a means of regulation of the cellular concentration of diacylglycerol, more recent studies have indicated that phosphatidic acid may also directly regulate several cellular functions. Accordingly, the present study was performed to assess whether phosphatidic acid could stimulate cardiac phospholipase C in intact adult rabbit ventricular myocytes. The mass of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins (1,4,5)P3] was determined by a specific and sensitive binding protein assay and by direct mass measurement using anion exchange chromatography for separation of selected inositol phosphates and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for quantification of inositol monophosphate (IP1), inositol bisphosphate (IP2), inositol trisphosphate (IP3), and inositol tetrakisphosphate (IP4). Phosphatidic acid (10(-9)-10(-6) M) elicited a rapid concentration-dependent increase in Ins (1,4,5)P3 accumulation, with the peak fourfold to fivefold increase at 30 seconds of stimulation; the concentration required for 50% of maximal stimulation was 4.4 x 10(-8) M. The time course of individual inositol phosphates indicated a successive increase in the mass of IP3, IP4, IP2, and IP1 in response to stimulation with phosphatidic acid. The production of Ins (1,4,5)P3 in response to phosphatidic acid was not altered in the absence of extracellular calcium or in the presence of extracellular EGTA (10(-3) M). Thus, these findings indicate that phosphatidic acid is a potent activator of inositol phosphate production in adult ventricular myocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Association of phospholipase C-delta with a highly enriched preparation of canine sarcolemma.

Myocardial synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is highly compartmentalized in the sarcolemmal membrane. Sarcolemmal vesicles contain endogenous phospholipase C (PLC), but the identity of sarcolemmal PLC and its relationship to soluble PLC have not been determined previously. Sarcolemmal and cytosolic PLC were prepared from canine myocardium and characterized by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and by immunoblotting with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to isoenzymes of PLC (PLC beta, PLC gamma, and PLC delta). DEAE-cellulose chromatography resolved two forms of cytosolic PLC that were identified as an 85-kDa form of PLC delta and a 145-kDa form of PLC gamma. In contrast, DEAE-cellulose chromatography resolved a single form of sarcolemmal PLC that was identified as an 85-kDa form of PLC delta. These data demonstrate that PLC gamma and PLC delta are expressed in canine myocardium and that an 85-kDa form of PLC delta is selectively associated with sites of PIP2 synthesis in a highly enriched preparation of sarcolemma. These data do not exclude the existence of additional isoenzymes of sarcolemmal PLC that may have been removed during isolation of sarcolemmal membranes.

Synthesis, transfer, and phosphorylation of phosphoinositides in cardiac membranes.

Compartmentation of phosphoinositide synthesis and transfer of endogenous phosphatidylinositol (PI) were characterized in membrane fractions prepared from rabbit myocardium. De novo synthesis of PI was highly enriched in free sarcoplasmic reticulum (551 pmol.mg-1. min-1) compared with that in sarcolemma (26.8 pmol.mg-1. min-1) and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (178 pmol.mg-1. min-1). In contrast, PI phosphorylation was highly enriched in sarcolemma (2.69 nmol.mg-1.min-1) compared with that in free sarcoplasmic reticulum (0.22 nmol.mg-1.min-1) and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (0.38 nmol.mg-1.min-1). Phosphorylation of endogenous phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate was also enriched in sarcolemma (38.5 pmol.mg-1.min-1) compared with that in free sarcoplasmic reticulum (less than 5.0 pmol.mg-1.min-1) and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (6.5 pmol.mg-1.min-1). Transfer of endogenous PI was characterized as a mechanism to overcome compartmentation of PI synthesis in cardiac membranes. A 29-kDa PI transfer protein was purified 1,500-fold from cytosol of rabbit myocardium. Both cytosol and purified PI transfer protein catalyzed the transfer of endogenous PI from microsomal sites of synthesis to sarcolemma. In conclusion, synthesis of PI is highly enriched in free sarcoplasmic reticulum, whereas phosphorylation of phosphoinositides is highly enriched in sarcolemma. A 29-kDa PI transfer protein in myocardial cytosol can mediate in vitro transfer of de novo-synthesized PI to the sarcolemma.

Cardiolipin-sensitive phospholipase C in subcellular fractions of rabbit myocardium.

Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C was characterized in the soluble phase and in membrane fractions prepared from rabbit myocardium. Four subforms of soluble phospholipase C were identified and characterized. Activity of one subform was inhibited 80% when cardiolipin was present in substrate vesicles, whereas three subforms were stimulated 2- to 10-fold by cardiolipin. A cationic subform, molecular mass 67 kDa, was stimulated threefold when cardiolipin comprised 2% of the total phospholipid and fivefold when it comprised 12%. The major mechanism for the cardiolipin effect was a decrease in the apparent Michaelis constant (Km) of this subform for substrate. Competition experiments were consistent with binding of this subform to cardiolipin. Phospholipase C activity was present in mitochondrial, microsomal, and sarcolemmal membrane fractions that were essentially free of contamination by cytosol. Detection of membrane-associated phospholipase C was facilitated by cardiolipin. Thus rabbit myocardium contains multiple subforms of soluble phospholipase C that differ substantially in surface charge, molecular mass, and sensitivity to cardiolipin. Anionic phospholipids may be important determinants of intracellular distribution of phospholipase C in myocardial tissue.

Disparate molecular dynamics of plasmenylcholine and phosphatidylcholine bilayers.

The molecular dynamics of binary dispersions of plasmenylcholine/cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol were quantified by electron spin resonance (ESR) and deuterium magnetic resonance (2H NMR) spectroscopy. The order parameter of both 5-doxylstearate (5DS) and 16-doxylstearate (16DS) was larger in vesicles comprised of plasmenylcholine in comparison to phosphatidylcholine at all temperatures studied (e.g., S = 0.592 vs. 0.487 for 5DS and 0.107 vs. 0.099 for 16DS, respectively, at 38 degrees C). Similarly, the order parameter of plasmenylcholine vesicles was larger than that of phosphatidylcholine vesicles utilizing either spin-labeled phosphatidylcholine or spin-labeled plasmenylcholine as probes of molecular motion. The ratio of the low-field to the midfield peak height in ESR spectra of 16-doxylstearate containing moieties (i.e., spin-labeled plasmenylcholine and phosphatidylcholine) was lower in plasmenylcholine vesicles (0.93 +/- 0.01) in comparison to phosphatidylcholine vesicles (1.03 +/- 0.01). 2H NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that the order parameter of plasmenylcholine was greater than that of phosphatidylcholine for one of the two diastereotopic deuterons located at the C-2 carbon of the sn-2 fatty acyl chain. The spin-lattice relaxation times for deuterated plasmenylcholine and phosphatidylcholine in binary mixtures containing 0-50 mol % cholesterol varied nonmonotonically as a function of cholesterol concentration and were different for each phospholipid subclass. Taken together, the results indicate that the vinyl ether linkage in the proximal portion of the sn-1 aliphatic chain of plasmenylcholine has substantial effects on the molecular dynamics of membrane bilayers both locally and at sites spatially distant from the covalent alteration.

Identification of neutral active phospholipase C which hydrolyzes choline glycerophospholipids and plasmalogen selective phospholipase A2 in canine myocardium.

Two novel phospholipase activities have been identified in the cytosolic fraction of canine myocardium. Neutral active phospholipase C activity was partially purified by anion exchange, hydroxylapatite, chromatofocusing, and gel filtration chromatographies. The partially purified enzyme had similar maximum velocities (237 versus 241 nmol/mg X h) and apparent Michaelis constants (20 versus 14 microM) utilizing either plasmenylcholine or phosphatidylcholine as substrate. Myocardial phospholipase C had a pH optimum between 7 and 8, required divalent cations for maximal activity, and did not hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol or sphingomyelin. Myocardial cytosol contained a potent inhibitor of phospholipase C which masked enzymic activity until it was removed during the purification procedure. A plasmalogen selective phospholipase A2 activity was also identified in the cytosolic fraction of canine myocardium. The protein catalyzing this activity was partially purified by DEAE-Sephacel-hydroxylapatite tandem chromatography and exhibited a maximum velocity of 5 nmol/mg X h for plasmenylcholine but only 1 nmol/mg X h for phosphatidylcholine, had a pH optimum between 6 and 7 for both substrates, and did not require calcium ion for activity. These results constitute the first demonstration of a neutral active phospholipase C specific for choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids and a plasmalogen selective phospholipase A2 in mammalian tissue.

Semi-synthetic approach for the preparation of homogeneous plasmenylethanolamine utilizing phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus.

A simple method for the preparation of homogeneous molecular species of plasmenylcholine and plasmenylethanolamine was developed. The method utilized reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography to isolate homogeneous molecular species of plasmenylcholine prepared by acylation of lysoplasmenylcholine. Plasmenylcholine was directly converted to plasmenylethanolamine by transphosphatidylation utilizing phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus. This method permits the facile labeling of homogeneous molecular species of plasmalogens in the polar head group, the sn-2 acyl chain, or both, for the first time.

Heparin inhibits bovine testicular hyaluronidase activity in myocardium of dogs with coronary artery occlusion.

Bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH) reduces experimental myocardial infarct size and ameliorates electrocardiographic signs of ischemia. This study was done to determine if heparin, an in vitro inhibitor of hyaluronidase activity, blocks the action of BTH in the myocardium of dogs after coronary artery occlusion. BTH was administered intravenously as 5,000 NF units/kg at 0.5 and 2.5 hours after coronary occlusion. Heparin was administered intravenously as a 150-unit/kg loading dose, followed by 10 units/kg per hour i.v., beginning 15 minutes before coronary occlusion. The area of myocardial ischemia at risk was assessed by a radiolabeled microsphere technique; the area that developed necrosis was assessed by a histochemical technique. In vivo activity of BTH was assessed by a colorimetric analysis of the BTH substrate, i.e., hyaluronic acid (HA), extracted from myocardial tissue. For biochemical analysis of HA, the heart was divided into anterior myocardium, which included ischemic tissue and posterior nonischemic myocardium. The myocardial HA content of dogs treated with BTH plus heparin (anterior, 3.44 +/- 0.40 micrograms HA/mg protein; posterior, 3.69 +/- 0.33 micrograms HA/mg protein) was not significantly different from control (anterior, 3.61 +/- 0.29 micrograms HA/mg protein; posterior, 3.55 +/- 0.23 micrograms HA/mg protein). In contrast, BTH lowered myocardial HA content (anterior, 2.16 +/- 0.21 micrograms HA/mg protein; posterior, 2.08 +/- 0.14 micrograms HA/mg protein) compared with either BTH plus heparin or control groups in both anterior myocardium (p = 0.006) and posterior myocardium (p = 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The serum kinetics of bovine testicular hyaluronidase in dogs, rats and humans.

There is experimental and clinical evidence that i.v. injection of bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH) reduces the extent of necrosis during myocardial infarction. The fate of i.v. administered BTH has not been described. In this study, serum kinetics of BTH enzyme activity in dogs, rats and humans were determined. Tissue distribution of BTH was determined with an 125I-labeled preparation of purified BTH. Serum BTH activity initially decreased exponentially with half-life 2.0 +/- 0.1 min in dogs with coronary artery occlusion (n = 8; 500 U of BTH/kg); 3.2 min in humans with acute myocardial infarction (n = 2; 500 U of BTH/kg); and 3.2 +/- 0.3 min in rats (n = 5; 5,000 U of BTH/kg). In dogs BTH disappearance showed two distinct phases. After injection of high dose BTH (5,000 U of BTH/kg), during the first 7 min serum half-life of BTH was 2.1 +/- 0.2 min (n = 8), but increased to 9.4 min in later serum samples. After the injection of 125I-labeled BTH into the rat, protein-bound 125I disappeared from serum with a half-life (3.4 min) that is similar to the serum half-life of BTH enzyme activity (3.2 min). Twenty minutes after injection of 125I-labeled BTH, 30% of the label was recovered in the liver. It is concluded that BTH activity has a short serum half-life of less than 10 min in dogs, rats and humans. In the rat model, the disappearance of serum BTH activity results from physical removal of circulating BTH molecules rather than serum inhibition or inactivation of BTH enzymatic activity.