Microscopic characteristics of hacking trauma.

The purpose of this study was to determine if it is possible to associate machetes, axes, and cleavers with the microscopic parallel striations they leave on the cut surfaces of the bone. Hacking trauma was experimentally inflicted on pig bones using machetes, axes, and cleavers. Negative impressions of both the cut surfaces of the bone and the weapon blades were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The results of this investigation indicate that it is possible to correlate a class of hacking weapons to trauma inflicted on bone by these weapons.

Sterilization and its behavioral effects on free-ranging female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

In order to control population growth rates, a decision was made to sterilize most of the free-ranging, wild rhesus macaque females of Silver Springs, Florida. Between October 1987 and March 1988, the five females who had been sterilized and released in the fall of 1986 were matched with five intact females in a behavioral study. While there were differences between the behaviors of the sterilized and intact females, the differences can be attributed more to differences in age, rank, and other factors than to the sterilization. Clinical data collected and reported on the monkeys is unremarkable.

The specificity of antibodies to the F(ab')2 fragment of human IgG.

The specificity of IgG anti-F(ab')2 antibodies was examined by unfractionated sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and also with affinity-purified antibody preparations. Examination of the sera by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using pooled human F(ab')2 fragments absorbed to microtiter plates, revealed that IgG anti-F(ab')2 antibodies cross-react with human and rabbit IgG and rabbit F(ab')2. IgG anti-F(ab')2 antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography and, when tested by a fluid-phase inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were found to be of 2 types. One fraction, similar to pepsin agglutinator, reacted with human F(ab')2 fragment alone. The other fraction was cross-reactive with human IgG and yet failed to react with idiotopes on Fab or epitopes on Fc fragments. The IgG anti-F(ab')2 antibodies we purified had no reactivity toward a human immune complex prepared from tetanus toxoid and antitoxoid.

Specificity of IgM antibodies to pooled human F(ab')2 fragments.

An isotope specific immunoassay which minimizes interference by endogenous rheumatoid factors was used to determine the specificity of IgM anti-F(ab')2 antibodies in human serum. We underscore the heterogeneity of these antibodies. While one subset of IgM anti-F(ab')2 antibodies reacts only with intact F(ab')2, another recognizes determinants present following reduction and alkylation of F(ab')2 and separation of Fd' fragments from light chains. IgM anti-F(ab')2 antibodies in sera from rheumatoid arthritis patients do not react significantly with intact pooled IgG and, therefore, probably are not anti-idiotypic antibodies. Some sera, but not all, contain elevated levels of antibodies that are crossreactive with rabbit F(ab')2. Such crossreactive antibodies may interfere with assays which utilize F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit antibodies specific for antigens of clinical relevance.

IgM and IgG anti-F(ab')2 antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Radioimmunoassays for anti-F(ab')2 antibodies, which feature the use of goat anti-human Fc antibody for correcting potentiation of IgM anti-F(ab')2 antibody titers by endogenous IgM anti-Fc antibodies (rheumatoid factors), are described. Individuals with classic rheumatoid arthritis had significantly more IgM anti-F(ab')2 antibody (P less than 0.001) and IgG anti-F(ab')2 antibody (P = 0.05) than did individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus or normal volunteers. There is some similarity in patterns of isotype distribution of anti-F(ab')2 antibodies and rheumatoid factors.

Height and sexual dimorphism of stature among human societies.

In this study, which is concerned with the varying degrees of sexual dimorphism of stature between human societies, adult male and female height measurements and male-female height ratios-the measure of sexual dimorphism-from 216 societies are statistically compared with several variables: marriage practices, protein availability, the presence of milking herbs, settlement size, and climate. Our results indicate that while greater mean male height is associated with polygynous marriage, marriage practices did not exert an influence on the degree of sexual dimorphism of stature. On the other hand, the results suggest that while sexual dimorphism in height has a strong genetic component, dietary factors can influence the degree of dimorphism.