Subject(s)
Calciphylaxis/pathology , Skin Ulcer/pathology , Acute Kidney Injury/complications , Biopsy , Body Mass Index , Buttocks/pathology , Calciphylaxis/complications , Calciphylaxis/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Female , Glucocorticoids/adverse effects , Humans , Hypertension/complications , Middle Aged , Moving and Lifting Patients/adverse effects , Obesity/complications , Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/complications , Risk Factors , Skin Ulcer/diagnosis , Skin Ulcer/etiology , Thigh/pathologyABSTRACT
Skin metastases are rare in the routine clinical practice of dermatology, but are of major clinical significance because they usually indicate advanced disease. We reviewed the literature on skin metastasis regarding recent trends in clinical presentation and diagnosis of the most common cutaneous lesions. An extensive literature review was conducted using PubMed from May 26, 2011 to July 16, 2013 relating cutaneous metastases. Articles chosen for reference were queried with the following prompts: "Cutaneous metastases", "clinical presentation", "histological features", and "immunohistochemistry". Further searches included "treatment" and "management" options for "metastatic breast", "metastatic colorectal", "metastatic melanoma", "metastatic lung", and "hematologic cancers." We also reviewed the literature on the current management of melanoma as a model for all cutaneous metastatic disease. Our own clinical findings are presented and compared to the literature. Additionally, we highlight the most useful immunohistochemical studies that aid in diagnoses. Several novel therapies and combination therapies such as electrochemotherapy, vemurafenib, and imiquimod will be discussed for palliative treatment of cancers that have been found to improve cutaneous lesions. We review these notable findings and developments regarding skin metastases for the general dermatologist.
